AP World Exam

How did the Song Dynasty maintain and justify their rule?

Neo-Confucianism; in order to be apart of the bureaucracy eligible men had to pass the Civil Service Exam(was based on Confucian classics)

Main ideas of Confucianism:

Men superior to women, filial piety, The state was superior to citizens

what was life like for women in Song China?

they could not own property, remarry, limited excess to education

How did China influence its neighbors in East and Southeast Asia?

In Korea they used a civil service exam in order to join the bureaucracy. They also adopted Buddhism.

What are the basic tenets of Buddhism?

starts with the Four Noble Truths, the way to stop the suffering is the Eightfold Path; reincarnation, the ultimate goal is to stop the cycle of reincarnation and achieve nirvana through enlightenment

What is the original form of Buddhism; many Buddhist monks lived with monasteries to focus on attaining enlightenment

Theravada Buddhism

a new form of Buddhism that traveled to East Asia; it encouraged broader participation and offered help to achieve nirvana from bodhistattvas

Mahayana Buddhism

What helped Song China to have such a strong economy?

song rulers inherited the prosperity and growth from previous dynasties (Sui and Tang Dynasties), making goods like porcelain and silk, expansion of the Grand Canal also helped to facilities trade

Why was the introduction of champa rice so important?

Drought resistant, fast-maturing, increasing the amount of food available in the empire, therefore increasing the population

what is the connection between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity?

all monotheistic and all practices in Dar-al-Islam

describe the condition of the Abbasid caliphate c. 1200

By 1200, the Abbasid caliphate had begun to break up and lose its powerful position in the Muslim world. They got conquered by the Mongols in 1258 which was their end

describe the new Islamic political entities that replaced the declining Abbasid caliphate:

they were dominated by ethnic Turks

These people were Turks from Central Asia who the Abbasids tried to use to prop up their failing state; however, they created their own empire instead and become a very dominate force

Seljuk Empire

What practices in the new Islamic empires were borrowed from previous empires?

Sharia law, a legal code based on the Quran

what were some of the intellectual innovations of Dar-al-Islam and their effects?

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi invented trigonometry

Muslim scholars preserved the works of Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, translating them into Arabic (these works would’ve been lost if it wasn’t for them)

Describe the expansion of the Islamic World:

Islam spread through the travels of Muslim merchants; also through the work of missionaries like the Sufis

What are the three major religions like could be found in South Asia in the 1200-1450 time period?

Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism

what major effects did those religions have in South Asia?

social and gender hierarchies in Hindu India were challenged; the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate made Islam the religion of the elite

What religions could be found in Southeast Asia?

Buddhist and Islam

In Northern India, they were Muslims but the majority population was Hindu

the Delhi Sultanate

Rival warring Hindu Kingdoms who held the Delhi Sultanate back from conquering more land

Rajput kingdoms

Hindu kingdom formed by brothers who had previously converted to Islam to serve the Delhi Sultanate (rivaled the Delhi Sultanate)

Vijayanagara Empire

a Buddhist Kingdom who maintained influence by controlling the sea routes for trade, but declined when China supported its rival the Sultanate of Malacca

Majapahit Kingdom

Began as a Hindu Empire, but the leadership eventually adopted Buddhism

Khmer Empire

Describe the development of the Aztec Civilization:

founded in Mesoamerica in 1345 by the Mexica (capital Tenochtitlan), in 1428 they began a program of expansion and created a huge empire.

how did the Aztecs maintain and improve their empire?

Conquered people were forced to pay tribute in goods or labor; conquered people were also enslaved and sometimes sacrificed in religious rituals

How did the Inca maintain and improve their empire?

mit’a system as a source of labor for state projects like farms, mining, military service; highly centralized

Describe Mississippian Culture:

located in Northern America around the MS River Valley, big on agriculture, known as mound builders

Describe the development of the Swahili Civilization in East Africa:

Swahili city-states grew powerful due to Indian Ocean Trade; politically independent but very influenced by merchants from Dar al-Islam

Describe the development of the empires of West Africa (Ghana. Mali, etc.)

these were powerful and highly centralized; they grew due to trade with Dar al-Islam; elites converting to Islam

How was the Hausa Kingdom, also in West Africa, different from the empires there?

They were decentralized city-states, more like the Swahili civilization

How was the development of Great Zimbabwe similar and different from other African states in this time?

similar: main source of wealth was the gold trade, cattle herding, and farming

Difference: wasn’t Islam

How was the development of Ethiopia similar and different from other African states in this time?

similar: grew due to trade with the Mediterranean and Arabian peninsula

Difference: they were Christians

What religion dominated Europe?

Christianity

In the West the ____ _______ ______ was the most powerful entity

Roman Catholic Church

_____ were a minority group who faced waves of persecution and were forced to the outskirts of European life

Jews

The political system of decentralized Europe where powerful lords and kings gained allegiance from lesser lords, who became their vassal; vassals got land in exchange for military service

Feudalism

*Manorialism

*Serfdom

What’s another way of saying “networks of exchange”

trade routes

What changed c.1200- c.1450 when looking at trade routes in general?

They expanded which led to further connections among states in Afro-Eurasia due to new trade technology and commercial practices. This led to growth of various states and cities

What were the main trade goods founds on the Silk Road and why?

chinese silk and porcelain because it was an expensive and journey so they only sold goods that would make a big profit

What was the impact of increased trade on the Silk Road?

Increased demand led to increased production of goods

what innovations led to increased trade on the Silk Road?

Caravenserai, the use of paper money, banking houses

how did the Silk Road lead to the growth of cities?

Cities along the trade routes has sources of water and were a good stopping point for merchants to rest, as more merchants stopped, places like Kashgar grew more rich and powerful

What did Indian Ocean merchants need to know about the monsoon winds?

they blew in one direction or the other at predictable times of the year

What were the main trade goods found on the Indian Ocean and why?

Bulk items were traded along trade routes like textiles and spices because the hull of a ship can hold a lot of cargo and luxury goods

What innovations led to increased trade on the Indian Ocean?

Magnetic compass, Chinese junks, credit

How did the Indian Ocean trade lead to the growth of cities and states?

by becoming important ports for trade and becoming linked to Dar al-Islam, many cities grew

How do increased trade on the Indian Ocean impact cities culturally?

Diasporic merchant communities were established in many places like East Africa; this led to the spread of Islam and the development of the Swahili language

Who was Zheng He and why was he significant in the Indian Ocean?

Zheng He was a sailor sent by the Ming Dynasty to bring more states into China’s tributary system; this led to transfers of technology and culture

What innovations led to increased trade on the Trans-Saharan trade networks?

camel saddles helped carry large cargo loads across the desert

How did Trans-Saharan trade lead to the growth of cities and states?

The Empire of Mali grew very rich through its connections to Dar al-Islam, the gold trade, and taxing trade routes in West Africa

What cultural transfers were the result of increased connections?

religion spread (Islam and Hinduism into Southeast Asia), literary and artistic transfers (House of Wisdom)

What was the most significant innovation or technological transfer that took place due to increased trade c. 1200- c. 1450?

Gunpowder (traveled from China all the way west by Muslims and Mongols

what are some examples of cities that saw increased urbanization and growth due to trade, and what is an example of a city that declined?

A city that grew was Hangzhou in China because of its location at the end of the Grand Canal

A city that declined was Baghdad which fell in 1258 when its was destroyed by the Mongols

Who were some of the travelers that left a record of their travelers 1200-1450?

Marco Polo, Margery Kempe, Ibn Battuata (make sure to know what each of them documented and where they documented)

What were some environmental effects of increased trade 1200 to 1450?

Champa rice came to China via the tribute system leading to population growth, and bubonic plague traveled all along the silk roads

What kind of political impact did the Mongols have?

they created the largest land-based empire of all time. They caused the fall of the Song Dynasty in China and the Abbasid Empire in the Middle East. They ruled through called Khanates ruled by Khans

Why did trade flourish within the Mongol Empire?

The Mongols encouraged trade by paying high prices for goods from other countries and kept the Silk Road safe. This was called the Pax Mongolica

What are some examples of cultural and technological transfers that occurred, in part, due to the Mongols

the transfer of Greek and Islamic medical knowledge to Western Europe were created by the Mongols. The Mongols adopted the Uyghur script to write their own language

How did the Ottoman Empire expand starting in the 14 century?

Adoption of gunpowder weapons, converting people to Christianity and turning them into an elite fighting force, the Janissaries

how did the Safavid Empire expand starting in the 16th century?

Conquering neighboring territories using gunpowder weapons

what difference led to problems between the Ottomans and Safavids?

the Ottomans- Sunni Muslims

Safavids-Shi’a Muslim

Both believed they were the true representatives of Islam

how did the Mughal Empire expand starting in the 16th century?

Babur, the first leader of the Mughal Empire, defeated the Delhi Sultanate in South Asia. This started the expansion of the empire with gunpowder weapons

What was the Safavid-Mughal Conflict about?

This was a series of wars fought over lands in modern Afghanistan. The lands were originally controlled by the Mughals, but when the Safavids took control the Mughals could not get them back. Religion was apart of it too.

Legitimize power

refers to methods rulers use to establish their authority

Consolidating power

the method rulers use to transfer power from groups to themselves

How did rulers use bureaucracies to consolidate their power?

Bureaucracies include thousands of gov’t officials who ensure laws are kept throughout the empire

How did the Ottomans create a loyal bureaucracy?

The Devshirme system was used to staff their bureaucracy. This began with the enslavement and conversion of Christian boys from the Balkans, but also included education and training in Istanbul. Those who were seen as the brightest were appointed to elite positions in the Ottoman bureaucracy.

what religious belief helped European monarchs to legitimize their power in this era?

The Divine Right of Kings was the idea that kings were God’s representatives on Earth. This greatly helped to legitimize their rule.

How did the Qing Dynasty use art to help legitimize their rule?

The Qing Dynasty used art to promote Confucian values and showcase their connection to Chinese traditions, which reinforced their legitimacy as rulers.

What is an example of a ruler using monumental architecture to legitize and consolidate their rule?

In France, Louis XIV built the Palace of Versailles which showed his power. He also forced the French nobility to live in his palace so he could keep an eye on them. This helped to transfer their previously held power to the King.

What are some examples of rulers using innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue to forward state power and expansion?

Ottomans used tax-farming

The Mughal Empire used the Zamindar System

Aztec Empire used tribute lists

How did Christianity in Europe show change and continuity c. 1450-1750 CE?

A new Christian movement called the Protestant Reformation and Martin Luther’s 95 Theses

the buying of church offices

simony

paying money for your sins to be forgiven (scam)

Indulgences

what was the 95 Theses?

The 95 theses was a list of grievances of all the things the Catholic Church was making up

What was the Council that was in charge of cleaning up what the Catholic Church had done?

the Council of Trent

How did the Ottoman-Safavid Rivalry lead to the deepening of the split between Sunni and Shi’a Islam?

The Safavid leader declared the Safavid Empire would be a Shi’a Islamic state. The Sunni Muslims in the empire were publicly executed

a syncretic blend of Hindu and Islamic doctrines

Sikhism

What are some advancements in Maritime technology?

Magnetic compass from china

Astrolabe

Lateen sail

Caravel ship

What political changes in Europe inspired exploration?

the growth of state power: shifting power away from traditional nobles

An economic theory based on the idea that there was a finite amount of wealth. In the world, and each country anted the largest share of wealth(this led to countries hoard large amounts of silver and gold)

mercantilism

Taking in more gold and silver than they sent out; more exporting of goods, less importing

Balance of trade

Limited liability businesses that were often chartered by states and funded by private investors

Joint-Stock Companies

give an example of a well-known joint-stock company

Dutch East India Company-dominated Indian Ocean trade and expanded Dutch influence

Portugal navigator that brought together sailors, map makers, and shipbuilders to figure out how to sail down the Atlantic Coast of Africa to access West African gold

Prince Henry the Navigator

The Portuguese created a _______ ____ _______ around the coast of Africa and throughout the Indian Ocean.

Trading post empire (in order to control trade)

The Spanish crown sponsored his voyages, he founded the Americas, and voyage from Spain grew in number until they had colonized the lands

Christopher Columbus

what did French exploration look like in this period?

The French went west to find a North Atlantic sea route to Asia. They didn’t find it but they created a French presence in Canada that led to a lucrative fur trade.They did not colonize, but focused on trade.

Describe English attempts at exploration and colonization before 1750.

English started exploring the Americas. Sir Walter Raleigh established England’s first colony on Roanoke Island called Virginia

What led the Dutch to create a maritime empire and what was their empire like?

The Dutch gained their independence from Spanish. After creating the Dutch East India Company they began challenging Spanish and Portuguese control in the Indian Ocean

the transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western hemisphere. It was an environmental phenomena, not trade

Columbian Exchange

What diseases were transferred to the Americas from Afro-Eurasia and what were their effects?

Smallpox, measles, malaria; 90% of those who were infected died. This led to the Great Dying of the indigenous population.

What Afro-Eurasian foods were introduced to the Americas and what was the effect?

Europe: wheat, olives, grapes

Africa and Asia: rice, bananas, sugar

What American foods were introduced to Afro-Eurasia and what was the effect?

maize and corn; longer lifespans

what foods were brought to the Americas by enslaved Africans?

Okra and rice

When farmers focus on a specific crop to export

Cash cropping