biology end of year

what does respiration provide and why do we need it

provides energy and need it so we have energy for

• moving

• keeping warm

• producing and breaking down substances

muscles respiration

muscles need energy to contract

they contain a lot of mitochondria to respire to release energy

muscles store glucose and glycoren, this can be converted back to glucose during oxygen

heart rate exercise correlation

1. heart rate increase

2. to pump more blood faster

3. to deliver more oxygen faster to cells

4. so that they can do aerobic respiration faster

5. to get more energy

6. as we need more enrvy due to more muscle contraction

lactic acid respiration

needs to be broken down by oxygen to allow muscles to return to normal

LACTIC ACID + OXUGEN - carbon dioxide + water

oxygen debt

reason your panting heavily during exercise to get extra oxygen to break down lactic acid

what does oxygen do respiration

breaks down lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water

RESPIRAITON RATES PRACTICAL

soda like absorbs co2 in tube

1. place soda line cotton wool and mung beans in a tube

2. hold on dye

3. let tube three minutes sitting in beaker

4. mark starting position and start a five minute timer

5. record/mark new dye position and measure how far it travelled

6. repeat at other temperature

7. COTTON WOOL ALLOWS MUNG BEANS TO COMBINE WITH SODA LIME

where is aerobic respiration found

mitochondria in eukaryotic cells

why do we need energy respiration

active transport and for our muscles to release contraction

photosynthesis formula

carbon dioxide + water - glucose + oxygen

how is energy transferred in photosynthesis

by light

what is photosynthesis

Plants make their own food using photosynthesis. The food produced is the sugar called glucose. Food produced by plants is important, not only for the plants themselves, but for other organisms that feed on the plants.

endothermic reaction of photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction as it requires light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen.

chlorophyll

The light energy required is absorbed by a green pigment called chlorophyll in the leaves. Chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts in plant cells

main organ for photosynthesis

plant leaves

how is carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis

The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis comes from the air. It enters leaves through the stomata. Water enters the plant through the roots, and is transported to the leaves in the xylem.

algae photosynthesis

Algae can also make their own food by the process of photosynthesis. Plant biomass will increase as a result of photosynthesis.

what happens as glucose molecules are made

linked togetehr to forms. polymer called starch, stays in the chloroplasts until photosynthesis stops. starch is then broken down into smaller substances which are moved into the cytoplasm and use to make sucrose

what is chlorophyll

found in chloroplasts is a green substance that traps energy transferred by light

factors affecting photosynthesis

light intensity : co2/temp becomes limiting factor

temp: optimum temp

co2 concentration: temp/water becomes a limiting factor

inverse square law

intensity is directly proportional to 1/distance squared

factors affecting photosynthesis core practical

1. place sodium hydrogen carbonate along with pond weed into tube

2. clamp boiling tube

3. place a ruler and lamp down and place clamp 10cm from light

4. leave for two mins to adjust

5. start timer and count bubbles from tip over one minute

6. repeat 4amd 5 times at different distance

i’m order to control for temp (photosynthesis)

use an led light

what is translocation

sugar moving through the phloem

what is transpiration

water moving into the root up the xylem and out the stomata

osmosis practical

1. peel potsto as potato skin affect osmosis

2. use cork bearer to produce three cylinders of potsto which makes all potato’s the same diameter

3. use scalpel to trim cylinders to same length around three cam

4. measure each length of dry potsto cylinders using a ruler and the mass of each cylinder using a mass scale

5. place each cylinder into a test tube and add ten cam cubed of a 0.5 molar sugar solution to the first test tube

6. add 10cm cubed of 0.25 molar solution. and 10cm cubed of distilled water to the second and third test tube

7. leave cylinders for twenty mins

8. remove cylinders and dry them to remove surface moisture

9. measure length and mass of cynlinders again

percentage change equation

change in mass/original mass x 100

no change is mass(osmosis practical)

assume water concentration inside and outside the potsto are the exact same

parts of microscope

1. eyepiece (x10)

2. course focus screw

3. fine focus screw

4. objective lens (x4,10,40)

5. glass dish/slide

6. stage

7. arm

8. base

magnification

how much bigger your image is compared to the actual specimen (how englarged it is)

resolution

how easy it is to tell that two seperate structures are seperate structures

microscope triangle

I TOP AM

what is cells measured in

micrometres

micrometres to mm

divide by 1000

where does photosynthesis happen

in the chlorplasgs

According to WHO, what does good health mean

State of physical, social and mental well being, not just the absence of disease

What is a pathogen

A microorganism that cause disease

What is a communicable disease

Can be spread person to person, not like genetic disorders which are not caused by pathogens

Examples of communicable diseases

Flu, mumps, measles

What are non communicable diseases

Can’t be spread person to person

what is sickle cell disease and life expectancy

Genetic disorder caused by abnormal hemeaglobin being produced causing red blood cells to become sickle shaped

Life expectancy is 40-60 yrs

What is cystic fibrosis and life expectancy

Abnormalities in the cilia lead to lung disease and troubling clearing mucus

Life expectancy is 40 years

What is Down syndrome

Causes physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability

What is haemophilia

An inability for the body to form blood clots, resulting in severe bruising and uncontrollable bleeding