F9 quiz

Plasma

-liquid transport

-90% water with various other substances (electrolytes, plasma proteins, hormones, waste products)

-functions: osmotic pressure (albumin maintains plasma volume), clotting factors, globulins (antibodies)

Erythrocytes/RBCs

-transport oxygen

-biconcave shape

-lack nucleus and organelles (short life span)

-contains enzymes

Thrombocytes/platelets

blood clotting

Leukocytes/WBCs

-immunity/defend against foreign substances

-five types: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte

Biconcave shape function

increases surface area which increases amount of hemoglobin on a RBC which allows for increased oxygen carried and increased gas exchange

Spleen

recycles worn-out RBCs

Kidney

detects reduced oxygen levels in the blood and releases EPO

Erythropoiesis steps

1. RBCs have reduced oxygen carrying capacity

2. Kidney recognizes reduced level of oxygen in blood

3. Kidney releases erythropoietin (EPO)

4. EPO gets into bone marrow and signals for the increase in production of RBCs

5. New RBCs are made in bone marrow and are released into blood stream

A+ blood

-Antigens: A and Rh

-Antibodies: Anti-B

-Can receive safe transfusions from: A+, A-, O+, O-

A- blood

-Antigens: A

-Antibodies: Anti-B

-Can receive safe transfusions from: A-, O-

B+ blood

-Antigens: B and Rh

-Antibodies: Anti-A

-Can receive safe transfusions from: B+, B-, O+, O-

B- blood

-Antigens: B

-Antibodies: Anti-A

-Can receive safe transfusions from: B-, O-

AB+ blood

-Antigens: A, B, and Rh

-Antibodies: None

-Can receive safe transfusions from: All types (universal recipient)

AB- blood

-Antigens: A and B

-Antibodies: None

-Can receive safe transfusions from: AB-, A-, B-, O-

O+ blood

-Antigens: Rh

-Antibodies: Anti-A and Anti-B

-Can receive safe transfusions from: O+, O-

O- blood

-Antigens: None (universal donor)

-Antibodies: Anti-A and Anti-B

-Can receive safe transfusions from: O-

Neutrophil

engulf and destroy bacteria (phagocytic), clean up debris

Eosinophil

allergic reactions and parasite infections

Basophil

-synthesizes and stores histamine and heparin

-histamine: vasodilator, increases capillary permeability

-heparin: anticoagulant, breaks up lipids

Monocyte

-phagocytic

-differentiates into macrophages

Lymphocyte

-provide specific defense

-B lymphocytes: plasma cells secrete antibodies ("humoral immunity")

-T lymphocytes: "cell mediated immunity"

Hemostasis steps

1. Vascular spasm (constriction of blood vessel reduces flow to that area)

2. Platelet plug formation (exposed collagen triggers platelet activation; adhesion prevents platelets from being swept away; ADP and Thromboxane A are released from activated platelets to activate more platelets; Prostacyclin and Nitric Oxide are released by uninjured region of vessel to inhibit platelet adhesion there)

3. Coagulation (transformation of liquid blood into gel-like fibrin clot; takes 3-6 min; clotting cascade (prothombin becomes thrombin which activates fibrinogen to become fibrin); fibrin forms mesh-like clot; clot retraction (platelets contract, pulling vessel back together, and shrink fibrin meshwork))

Hematocrit equation

(Height of RBCs in mm) / (Height of whole blood in mm) x 100