Nerbous system

connections in the nervous system are made up by a series of nerves called _________ aligned to each other but not touching

neurons

axons and neurons unite in groups within a structure called a _______.

nerve

the impulse receiving structures of the neuron are usually the _________

dendrites

the central part where the organelles are located is called the __________

cell body

the tail of the neuron is called the _______

axon

True or false: at birth humans already have all the neurons that they will have for their entire lives, just havent made many connections yet.

true

T or F: connections are made when we learn, use our memory and gain knowledge

true

T or F: Neurons can be easily replaced since nervous tissue has a high regenerative capacity

False - nervous tissue has poor regenerative capacity

what are the two types of neurons?

sensory and motor

the space between two neurons where the axon of one neuron communicates with dendrites of another neuron is called the ________

synapse

a ________ is a chemical substance that helps the impulse cross the synapse

neurotransmitter

T or F: according to the structure, the nervous system is divided into Central Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System

False - Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

the CNS is divided into two parts

brain and spinal chord

the motor division of the PNS has two branches according to their function:

autonomic and somatic

T or F: the somatic branch of the PNS is voluntary and the autonomic is involuntary

True

the autonomic nervous system has 2 branches

sympathetic and parasympathetic

T or F: The sympathetic branch of the autnomic nervous system prepares the body for action and stress

True

T or F: the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for rest and digest

true

is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?

a. adrenaline is discharged from the suprarenal gland

b, pupils dilate

c. production of gastric juices and motility of digestive system increases

a. sympathetic

b. sympathetic

c. parasympathetic

is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?

a. urine production increase

b.urinary bladder sphincter relaxes

c. cardiac rhythm increases

a. parasympathetic

b. parasympathetic

c. sympathetic

is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?

a. respiratory rate increases

b. blood pressure increases

c. pupil constriction

a. sympathetic

b. sympathetic

c. parasympathetic

is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?

a. saliva and mucus production increases

b. cardiac rhythm and blood pressure decreases

c. digestion becomes very slow or stops

a. parasympathetic

b. parasympathetic

c. sympathetic

is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?

a. glycogen is converted to glucose

b. salivation, mucus and urine production are reduced

c. urinary bladder sphincter closes

a. sympathetic

b. sympathetic

c. sympathetic

T or F: the sensory branch of the PNS send info from the environment to the CNS using the nerves of PNS

true

T or F: the motor branch of the PNS sends information from the skeletal muscles to the CNS using the nerves of the PNS

False

the brain and the spinal cord have bony protections called the _____ and the ______

cranium (skull) and the vertebral column (vertebrae)

T or F: both cranial nerves and spinal nerves belong to the CNS

False - they both belong to the PNS

the brain and spinal cord have another type of protection in the form on membranes called _______

meninges

the brain and the spinal cord are protected by the cushioning effect of

cerebrospinal fluid

T or F: the brain has a type of membrane surrounding it that is different from the type of membranes that surround the spinal cord.

False - theyre exactly the same

T or F: the primitive or reptilian brain is called the cerebrum

False - the primitive is brainstem, cerebellum.

T or F: the cerebellum coordinates all higher thinking processes

False: is the cerebrum

T or F: the cerebellum forms the primitive brain

true

T or F: the medulla oblongata and the pons form part of the primitive brain

true

the part of the brain that takes care of higher thinking processes is the _______

cerebrum

T or F: when a message reaches the cerebrum it is interpreted according to the info filed and it tells the body what to do

true

T or F: the cererum is divided in 2 hemispheres: anterior and posterior

false: its left and right

the cerebrum is divided into four lobes:

frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

T or F: info that has significance is stored in long term memory

true

T or F: a plexus is a thinning out of the nerves

false: its an accumulation of nerves

there are 4 plexuses in the human body

cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral

there are 12 pairs of _______ nerves

cranial

ther are 31 pairs of _______ nerves

spinal

the spinal cord has two enlargements:

cervical and lumbar

T or F: the spinal cord runs approx up to L1 and interiorly located is the cauda equina

true

the _____ ________ is made of nerve endings of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves

cauda equina

T or F: a reflex action aka reflex is a voluntary and nearly instantaneous movement.

false: is involuntary

T or F: the path taken by the nerve impulse in reflex is called the reflex arc

true

T or F: a reflex arc is a protection mechanism for the idividual

true

there are two types of reflex arcs:

Autonomic reflex arc (organs as in pupil constriction) and Somatic reflex arc (muscles)

a _______ is an area of the skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve.

dermatome

nerve impulses travel like the ______ _______, so each nueron recieves an impule and must pass it on to the neighboring neuron

domino effect

T or F: when a neuron is transmitting an impulse its membrane is polarized

false - it is depolarized

T or F: when a neuron is transmitting an impulse it has a resting membrane potential

false - it has a RMP when not transmitting

T or F: in order for a nueron to tramsit an impulse it membrane must become depolarized

true

after a neuron finished transmitting an impulse, it rests and doesnt accept any more impulses for a period of time called the:

refractory period

when a stimulus reaches a resting neuron, the neurons membrane suddenly becomes:

depolarized

each neuron has a ________ level, the point where the neuron must fire the nervous impulse

threshold

the transmission of nerve impulses functions as an _________ phenomenon, which means if a stimulus doesn’t get to the firing threshold theres no action potential results.

all or none

T or F: as an individual ages, having more expieriences makes learning easier

False - learning is harder

T or F: some known neurotransmitters are dopamine, acetylcholine and serotonin

true

T or F: out of all cranial nerves the only one that travels far away from the head is the trochlear nerve,

False - its the vagus nerve

T or F: if there is a lesion in the spinal cord it may affect the function of parts of the body that are innervated by nerves that are below the area of the lesion.

true

T or F: the reflex arc is a response toa. stimulus that originates the cerebrum

false - it originates in the spinal cord

T or F: if someone repeats a behavior many times the neuronal pathways for that behavior become stronger until it becomes automatic

true

T or F: brain electrcitiy is measured and recorded by using a test called a EKG

false - its a EEG

T or F: the 2 largest divisions of the nervous system are sympathetic and parasympathetic

false - its CNS and PNS

T or F: neurons are characterized by exhibiting conductivity, excitability and being secretory

true

neurotransmitters can be _______ or _________

excitatory and inhibitory

T or F: only axons are insulated with myelin, dendrites are not.

true

T or F: the receiving part of a neuron is typically the dendrite

true

T or F: the transmitting part of a neuron is typically the axon

true

T or F: an action potential is am all or none electrical signal that travels long distances without losing streegnth while a graded potential is localized and variable in strength

true

T or F: neuroglia are cells that accompany neurons and keep their surroundings in the best possible shape for neurons to function properly

true

T or F: multipolar neurons are the most abundant type in the nervous system

true

T or F: the only connection between the two cerebral hemispheres is the corpus callosum

true

T or F: when there is a voluntary response from the skeletal muscle, it always originates from the brain

true

T or F: where there is s voluntary movement of a skeletal muscle, the signal comes through a motor nerve

true - anything that is going to cause movement has to come through the motor nerve

T or F: there is only one type of synapse ehich functions with the nuerotransmitters

false: there is the chemical synapse, electrical synapse and modulated synapse

T or F: when we say the all-or-none rule applies to nervous impulse tranmission, we mean that all stimuli end up firing a nervous impulse

false - not all stimuli cause a neuron to fire only those that are up to threshold or suprathreshold

T or F: Nervous impulses travel in two different directions through the same neuronal path because of the great versatility of nervous tissue

False - they travel through different neuronal pathways

T or F: plexuses are areas of the body where there is an accumulation of nerves

True

T or F: the spinal cord enters the cranium through the foramen magnum

true

T or F: when an infection occurs in the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord thats called meningitis

true

T or F: the CNS consist of the cerebellum and spinal cord

false - it is the brain and spinal cord

T or F: the cerebrum coordinates the most complex functions of higher thinking like learning, memory and language

true

T or F: neurotransmitters carry the nervous impulse from one neuron to the next

true

T or F: the motor nerves picks up signals from stimuli in the environment and carry them into the CNS to be interpreted.

false - only sensory nerves can pick up info from the environment.

T or F: the electrcity of the brain is measured by a test called EEG

true

the most primitive parts of the brain are the cerebrum and the medulla oblongata.

false

T or F: if and individual is right handed, the left hemisphere of his brain is the dominate one

true

T or F: there are 7 cervical vertebrae and 7 cervical nerves in the human body

false - 7 cervical vertebrae but 8 cervical nerves

T or F: An example of a reflex arc is when an individual places a hand on a hot stove and removes it instantly without thinking

true

T or F: a reflex arc is an involuntary response to a disurbing stimulus that activates spinal motor neurons without delay of routing signals through the brain

true

T or F: the cerebellum coordinates body movements that the cerebrum initiated to make sure they are done smoothly

true

T or F: the spinal cord and the brain have the same membranes surrounding them

true

of all the cranial nerves, the only one that innervates organs outside of the head is the

vagus

the ______ branch of the autonomic nervouse system prepares the body for action and stress

sympathetic

the central part of a neuron where the nucleus and other organelles are located is the

cell body

the _________ nervous system is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves

peripheral