Exercise Science 5 flashcards (Term 1)

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Functions of the nervous system

1. Sensation → Mental/Emotional Functioning

2. Response → Activation of muscles/glands

3. Processing/Homeostasis → Maintenance of electrical signals

Stimuli and Sensory input

• Stimuli is any change the body receives

• Sensory input is any information received

Types of neurons:

• Sensory Neurons

• Motor Neurons

• Interneurons

Motor Neuron

Cells that send signals from the brain to the muscles

Sensory Neuron

Cells that send signals from the body to the brain

Interneurons

Neurons that provide pathways between Motor Neurons, Sensory Neurons, and the brain

Motor Neuron Components

• Soma (cell body)

• Dendrites (receptors)

• Axons (Conductors and Cellular extensions)

• Axons Terminals (chemical neurotransmitters)

• Myelin sheaths (Insulator of electrical signals)

Synapses

The junction between dendrites and axons

Synapse interactions

• Neural (2 neurons interact)

• Neuromuscular (muscle fibres connect to neurons)

Neuromusculoskeletal System

Brain and muscles working in conjunction to initiate and carry out tasks/movements/actions.

Motor Unit

The activation of a number of muscle fibres from a motor neuron

CNS and PNS

• Brain + Spine→ Interpretation and control centre of signals based on past experiences

• Nerves that carry signals to Brain + Spine

PNS Divisions

• Efferent→ Conveyed information from the CNS to muscle and glands

• Afferent→Transmission of information to from receptors in the periphery of the body to the CNS

Efferent Subdivisions

• Somatic (CNS impulses to skeletal muscles)

• Autonomic (CNS impulses to cardiac and smooth muscles)

Propioreceptors

Nerves found within the muscles, joints, and tendons of the body that provide additional information to the CNS in regards to the placement of a body part in space

Propioreception

The sense of self within space and time; the information provided on the joint angles, muscular lengths, and muscular tensions of one’s body.

Types of propioreceptors

• Muscle Spindles→Provide information on muscle length. They are enclosed in capsules and stimulate muscle reflexivity (muscle contraction limits)

• Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)→Provide information on muscle tension changes. They regulate muscular tension/force; the sensory neurons at GTO synapses inhibit the generation of excessive force to reduce bodily harm from strain.

Function of the Golgi Tendon

Regulates muscular tensions/force; sensory neurons of the GTO synapses inhibit applicable force

(Bigger) Microscopic muscular structure: FEPE

• Fascicles

• Endomysium

• Perimysium

• Epimysium

(Smaller) Microscopic muscular structure: “Sarc…”

• Sarcolemna

• Sarcoplasm

• Myofibrils

• Sarcomere