Ions

Sodium (Na⁺)

Produces a yellow flame.

Potassium (K⁺)

Produces a lilac flame.

Calcium (Ca²⁺)

Produces a brick-red flame.

Copper (Cu²⁺)

Produces a green flame or a blue precipitate.

Iron (Fe²⁺)

Forms a green precipitate.

Iron (Fe³⁺)

Forms a brown precipitate.

Ammonium (NH₄⁺)

Releases ammonia gas that turns red litmus blue.

Chloride (Cl⁻)

Forms a white precipitate.

Bromide (Br⁻)

Forms a cream precipitate.

Iodide (I⁻)

Forms a yellow precipitate.

Sulfate (SO₄²⁻)

Forms a white precipitate.

Carbonate (CO₃²⁻)

Causes effervescence and limewater to turn cloudy.

Nitrate (NO₃⁻)

Produces ammonia gas.