Main Points 2

retroperitoneal

The paired kidneys are _____ in the superior lumbar region.

kidney , perirenal fat capsule

A fibrous capsule, a perirenal fat capsule, and renal fascia surround each ____. The ______ helps hold the kidneys in position.

superficial cortex , deeper medulla , medial pelvis.

A kidney has a _____, a ______ consisting mainly of medullary pyramids, and a _____.

apices

Extensions of the pelvis surround and collect urine draining from the ____ of the medullary pyramids.

25%

The kidneys receive ___% of the total cardiac output per minute at rest.

vascular pathway

The _____ through a kidney is as follows: renal artery → segmental arteries → interlobar arteries → arcuate arteries → cortical radiate arteries → afferent arterioles→ glomeruli → efferent arterioles →peritubular capillary beds → cortical radiate veins → arcuate veins → interlobar veins → renal vein.

renal plexus

The nerve supply of the kidneys is derived from the _____.

Nephrons

______ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys.

glomerulus , glomerular capsule , renal tubule

Each nephron consists of a ______ , a ________, and a ______ that is continuous with the capsule.

proximal convoluted tubule , nephron loop , distal convoluted tubule

Subdivisions of the renal tubule are the _______, ______, and ________.

renal tubule

A second capillary bed, the low-pressure peritubular capillary bed, is closely associated with the ____ of each nephron.

numerous cortical

The more ______ nephrons are located almost entirely in the cortex.

medulla

only a small part of their nephron loop penetrates into the _____.

cortex-medulla junction

Glomeruli of juxtamedullary nephrons are located near the ______, and their nephron loops dip deeply into the medulla.

straight vessels , vasa recta

Instead of directly forming peritubular capillaries, the efferent arterioles of many juxtamedullary nephrons form unique bundles of _____, called _____, that serve tubule segments in the medulla.

medullary osmotic gradient.

Juxtamedullary nephrons and the vasa recta play an important role in establishing the _______.

concentrate urine , medullary pyramids.

Collecting ducts receive urine from many nephrons and help ______. They form the ______.

afferent arteriole , distal part , ascending limb of the nephron loop.

The juxtaglomerular complex is at the point of contact between the ______ and the most _____ of the _______.

granular cells , macula densa , extraglomerular mesangial cells

The juxtaglomerular complex consists of the _____, the _____, and _________.

Filtration , absorption , secretion

______, ______, and ______ are the key processes of urine formation

glomerular filtration , tubular reabsorption , tubular secretion

Functions of the nephrons include _____, ______, and _____.

Kidneys

_____ regulate the volume, composition, and pH of the blood, and eliminate nitrogenous metabolic wastes.