Educ 181 Final Exam

Intro to HDFS

Families in the United States today

childness structurally mediated

smaller families

delayed parenthood

40% preganancies unintended

shifts that affect US families

• education

• career

• fertility

• economy

• culture

What factors contribute to delayed parenthood?

cost, education, carrers (gender equity)

Why has the perceived cost of parenthood increased in recent decades?

emotion + financial aspect

time intensive

Why are children increasingly vied as a “capstone” of adulthood rather than its foundation?

People go to college —> job —> house —> career —> and then have children

geminal

0-2 weeks

embryonic

3-8 weeks

fetal

9 weeks-birth

parenthood’s affect on relationship satisfaction

child early years (0-5) mild decrease

How can advanced parental age influence transition to parenthood?

more difficult to conceive —> increases in ART (assistive reproductive technology)

Parenting Happiness Gap

non parents are happier than parents

How does the parenting happiness gap differ btw US and European parents?

parents happier in Europe

bc of

• access to resources

• health care

• paid leave

Factors that contribute to stress + rlnship satisfaction during early years of life (0-5)

• renegotiation of roles

• advanced parenthood eases transition

• identity

• responsibilities

Factors that contribute to higher rates of maternal and infant mortality for Black mothers and infants

• minority/complex stress

• access to prenatal care

• bias in assessment of pain

• research bias/medical eduction

Identify factors that influence infant mortality + health

inadequate prenatal care

maternal smoking/substance use poor nutrition

chronic infections

Low birth weight

< 5.5 lbs @ higher risk for illness, devo probs, death

preterm infant

>3 weeks

small for gestational age (SGA)

weight, length, or head circumference below the 10th percentile for their gestational age and sex

AGAR stands for

Activity

Grimace

Appearance

Responsivity

AGAR

rapid assessment conducted 1 and 5 minutes after birth to evaluate a newborn’s health based on heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflexes, and skin color

NBO stands for

Newborn behavior observation

NBO

physical assessment of newborn health

Gross Motor Skills

influenced by environment

• use large muscles in the body for strength, coordination, reaction time

Fina Motor Skills

influenced by practice

• small muscles in the body for precision + high degree of control

Children devo

perception, attention, memory, language, brain devo

Primary Circular Reactions

(1-4) months, being to repeat pleasurable actions (ex. sucking thumb)

secondary circular reactions

(4-8 months), intentionally repeat actions to trigger a response (ex. shaking a rattle)

Tertiary Circular Reactions

(12-18 months), trial and error experimentation

Major Domains of Intellectual Development in Infancy

sensorimotor

object permanence

symbolic thought

object permanence

in first 6 months/year; objects, people, and places continue to exist even when they are not currently perceived

Baby communicate through

crying, distinct cries

6 months communicate thru

babbling

1st word

by 1

Symbolic thought

by toddlerhood, coincides w language, he cognitive ability to use words, images, and objects to represent other concepts, allowing humans to think about things not immediately present

When a baby babbles it is good if

you respond conversationally bc it improves lang devo

Pruning

the brain's natural "use it or lose it" process, which removes weak or unused neural connections while strengthening frequently used ones

What factors support the formation and maintenance of synapses?

novel stimuli

responsive caregiving

routine

interactive play

language exposure

nutrition

Corpus callosum

rapidly myelinates + helps hemisphere specialize + coordinate

internal working model of attachment

mental representations of the self and others, formed early in life based on caregiver interactions

how you view yourself

temperament

mostly innate, biologically based individual differences in emotional reactivity, activity level, and self-regulation

key dimensions of temperaments

activity, distractibility, withdrawal, adaptability, attention span, intensity, responsiveness, mood

parental self-efficacy

parent's belief in their ability to successfully perform parenting roles, manage tasks, and influence their child's development positively

self concept

cognitive andideas/images we hold about ourselves

theory of mind

understand others’ thoughts and feel differ from mine

self-conscious emotions

pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt

Parenting behaviors on children’s eating habits + weight

• parental weight + modeling

• feeding practices

• meal routines

• family stability

• sleep routine

• prenatal environ

Overarching characteristics in Middle Childhood

industry v inferiority (can I make it in the world?)

focus on mastering social + academic skills

• increase self-sufficiency, independence, responsibility

• expand activities + rlnships

• make skill commitments

• put on “tracks” in school

girls height peak @

12

boys height peak @

14/15

Girls 8-17

breast budding (8-13)

pubic hair growth (8-14)

growth spurt (9.5-14.5)

1st period (menarche) (10-16.5)

underarm hair growth (10-16)

change in body shape (11-16)

adult breast size reach (12.5-16.5)

men (10-18)

testes and scrotum growth

voice change

penis growth

pubic hair growth

first sperm production (12-14)

growth spurt

change in body shape

underarm and facial hair growth

obesity in BMI

>= 95th percentile

Cohort factors that contrib to increasing weight

processed foods

sedentary habits

reduced sleep

increased stress

endocrine disruptors

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Devo

sensorimotor

• birth - 2 yrs old

preoperational

• 2 - 7 yrs old

concrete operational

• 7 - 11 yrs old

formal operational

• 12 and up

Concrete Operational

increased logic

ability to conserve

decreased egocentrism

Three Mountain Task

indicator that thinking has moved to concrete stage + children no longer egocentric

pragmatics

children learn to use long effective + appropriately in social context

learning disabilities often diagnosed during the school years

dyslexia

dyscalculia

ADHD

__ % children diagnosed; ~ __ adulthood

5-10; ½

Why do adults have remission of learning disabilities?

brain maturation

compensatory strategies

environment fit

diagnostic thresholds

Immordino-Yang 2019 - optimal learning

brain must switch switch btw default mode network (DMN) + executive control network (ECN)

DMC active during

reflection, day dreaming, + perspective-taking

ECN active during

focused tasks, problem-solving, analytical

optimal learning requires (Immordino-Yang, 2019)

emotional investment

psychological safety

without safety, salience network dominates, blocking shift

tracking

more gains for “high performance” students

no significant diff for avg or “low performance” students

self-esteem from early childhood to middle childhood

decreases

self-esteem decrease

• begin more social comparison

• beliefs abt abilities + limitations become more realistic thru comparison + feedback

• pubertal and social changes

self-esteem in middle childhood correlated w __ and __

mastery-oriented attributions; process praise

mastery-oriented - reason for success

ability

mastery-oriented — reason for failure

• controllable factors, such as insufficient effort

• seek information on how best to increase their ability thru effort

learned-helpless — reason for success

external factors

learned - helpless — reasons for failure

• ability cannot be changed by effort

• seek positive and avoid negative evals

• ability no longer predictive of performance

What does it mean that adolescence “begins in biology and end in culture”?

biological makers

• pubertal onset

• growth spurt

• sex characteristics

• cortical maturation

• dopamine and oxytocin sensitivity

cultural markers

• rites of passage

• legal milestones

• educational transitions

• social roles

• culture expectations

Mood fluctuations greatest in ___

early-mid puberty (9-15)

sex hormones __ neurotransmitters

modulate (how much is released, how sensitive receptors are, how long signals last)

mood instability interacts with

social stressors

cognitive changes

environmental factors

hormonal changes —>

increased sex drive

• desire

• arousal

• blood flow

• genital sensitivity

• lubrication

masturbation ___, more directed goal-directed

increases

when do people have their first sexual experience?

many have during adolescent

delayed sexual activity correlated with

strong family connection

discussions of sex + abstinence w family

comp sex ed

declines in sexual activity

• “slow life-history strategy”

• smartphones/Internet

• more recreational/extracurricular activites

“slow life-history strategy”

human devo will be slower when families are smaller, ppl live longer, education takes longer to complete

smartphones

communicate without leaving home, less engagement in social activities, more online sexual content/contact

more recreation/extracurricular activities

less unstructured free

less risk-taking behavior

more positive peer groups

What is associated with delayed initiation of sexual activity + fewer sexual partners?

comprehensive sex ed

Formal operational stage

gains in abstract, hypothetical, relativistic, metacognitive thinking

limbic system

matures before prefrontal cortex, increasing risk taking

Normative increases in family conflict reflect cognitive changes

• identity + autonomy

• challenging parents’ rules + reasoning

• developing own opinions

• identifying hypocrisy

identity formation major task:

identity v role confusion

identity v role confusion

• organizing principle that makes up subjective experience of self

• provides continuity

• frame of differentiation

• healthy identity development involved questioning

Marcia’s identity statuses

• diffusion

• foreclosure

• moratorium

• achievement

diffusion

not yet experienced crisis or made commitments

foreclosure

made commitment but not experienced crisis

moratorium

in midst of crisis but commitments are absent or vague

achievement

undergone crisis + made a commitment

MAMA cycles

strong identity thruout life shifts through

authoritative —>

achievement

permissive —>

moratorium

authoritarian —>

foreclosure

neglectful —>

diffusion