Chapter 13 Gastroenteroogy- Aditi Peddigari

What is the alimentary canal

the digestive system

What are the two types of glands in the body

endocrine

exocrine

Endocrine glands

secretes hormones into the bloodstream

Exocrine glands

secretes hormones into ducts [tubes in the body]

what are the accessory exocrine glands of the digestive system

salivary glands

liver

gallbladder

pacreas

What is special about the pancreas

only organ that is both endocrine and exocrine

ingestion

the process of taking substances, such as food, medication, or liquids, into the body through the mouth or by absorption in single-celled organisms

digestion

a complex muti-step process of breaking food down into smaller nutrient molecules

absorption

the process of taking nutrient from the digestive system into the blood so they can be absorbed by the body.

egestion

poop

What are food residue

cellulose

What are the four major types of organic compounds

carbohyderates

lipids

protiens

nucleic acids

What are the divisions of the alimentary canal

mouth

pharynx

esophogus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

butt hole

what is fauces

hole in the back of mouth

what is the superior labial frenulum

a thin, flexible band of tissue connecting the inside of the upper lip to the center of the gum tissue above the front teeth.

what is the inferior labial frenulum

a small, thin band of tissue located in the oral midline, connecting the inner surface of the lower lip to the lower gum

What are the three parts of tooth

crown

neck

root

what is enamel

covers crown

what are two parts of the crown

anatomical crown

clinical crown

anatomical crown

the superior portion of the tooth that is covered by enamel

clinical crown

that portion of the anatomical crown visible above the gingiva

what is a root canal

infection of the pulp cavity treatment

What is the occlusal surface of the crown

the portion of the crown that contacts opposing teeth

WHat are cusps

the elevations present on the occlusal surface of the crown

incisors

used for biting

canines

used for tearing

premolars

used for grinding

molars

used for grinding and crushng

What are deciduous teeth

baby teeth

When do baby teeth come in

6 months after birth

How many total baby teeth are there

20

when do baby teeth fall out

6 years

How many total adult teeth

32

What material are teeth made up of

Enamel

Dentin

cementum

pulp cavity

What is the pulp cavity

highly vascularized loose connective tissue, consists of many sensory nerve fibers

what are dental caries

cavity

What is gingivitis

gum inflammation

What is pyorrhea

infection of the tooth socket

[alveolar socket]

What is an impacted wisdom tooth

wisdom tooth comes in at an angle

What is mastication

chewing

What is deglutition

swallowing

What are chemoreceptors of the toungue

sweet

sour

salty

bitter

savory

What are 3 types of tonsils

palatine tonsils

lingual tonsil

pharyngeal tonsils

What are adenoids

enlarged pharyngeal tonsils

What type of tissue is inside the tonsil

macrophages + lymphocytes WBC => antibodies

immunoglobins

What are immunoglobulins

inactive foreign substances

What is tonsilitis

inflammation of the tonsils

What is a tonsilectomy

the surgical removal of the tonsils

Where are the parotid salivary glands

locates just in front and below the ears

What are mumps

inflammed parotid glands

What is the function of saliva

breaks down the food and helps in digestion; contains amylose that digests starches

What are the two parts of the platate

anterior hard palate

posterior soft palate

What is the pharynx

throat

What is the oropharynx

palatine tonsils

Where is the laryngopharynx

the laryngeal aperature

What is a bolus

ball of food

What is the function of the epiglottis

bends down to prevent food from entering the laryngeal

What is the esophagus

10 inch long muscular tube that surrounds from the laryngopharynx neck down to the stomach thorax

what is peristalsis

unidirection wave-like smooth muscle contractions

Where is he stomach located

left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity

What is acid reflux

heart burn

What is the three parts of the stomach

fundus (high point)

body

pylorus

What is the gatroesophageal sphincter

a muscle that controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach, preventing acid reflux.

What is the pyloric sphincter

a muscle that regulates the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum, ensuring proper digestion.

Greater curvature of the stomach

the larger, convex outer curve of the stomach that extends from the esophagus to the pylorus.

Lesser curvature of the stomach

short concave, upper right border extending between esophogus and duodenum

What are he functions of the greater omentum

cushions underlying viscera (internal organs)

protects underlying viscers from the spread of infection

stores fast

What is gastric rugae

gastric folds in the tissues of internal organs or sin for expansion [ridges]

What is chyme

a stomach function to churn,mix and hold the partially digested food

Where is hydrochloric acid created

parietal cells

Where is pepsinogen created

cheif cells or principle cells

What does pepsin do

kills most bacteria in food

aids in protein digestion by creating peptide chains

What substances are normally absorbed through the stomach

H20

monosaccharides

alcohol

asprin

What is a gastric ulcer

sore

What are gastric ulcers caused by

Helicobacter pylori

long term use of NSAIDs (medications like aspirin)

What is flatulence

gas

by:

carbonate drinks

swallowing too much air

What is pyloric stenosis

a condition in infants about 3-6 weeks old where the muscle between stomach and small intestine thickens, causing a blockage. —> vomiting

How long is the small intestine

20 feet long muscular tube

What are the three parts of the small intestine

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

What function happens in the duodenum

digestion

What is the function of the jejunum and the ileum

absorbing nutrients

What are lacteals

lymphatic organs that absorb fats from small intestines

What is the function of the microvilli in the small intestine

increase surface for absorption

Where is bile produced

liver

Where is bile stored

gallbladder

What does bile contain

mucin(mucus), bilirubin(green color), cholesterol, lecithin, fatty accids,steriods

(A GREEN SOAP)

What is the function of the bile

acts like a detergent to dissolve grease,oil,fats and emulsifies fat.

What is hepato-pancreatic sphincter

sphincter of oddi

What is the large intestine

a 4ft long tube, extending from the ileo-cecal sphincter to the anus

What is the ascending colon

goes up

What is the transverse colon

goes across

What is the decending colon

goes down

What is the sigmoid colon

S-shaped

What is the rectum

the final section of your large intestine, located just before your butt(anus). it acts as a temporary storage area for stool before exiting the body

What is the anus

terminal end

WHat are sacculations on the large intestines called

huastra

What is the main function of the large intestine

water storage

bacterial digestion of remaining chyme to food residues

What bacteria is commonly found in the large intestine

E. coli

What is the function of the appendix

“tonsil of the abdomen”

Lymphatic organs

lymphocyte WBC, macrophages, WBCs

What does vermiform mean

worm like