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Ethmoid Sinus
E

Sphenoid Sinus
S

Maxillary Sinus
M

Frontal Sinus
F

Lateral Sinuses
What projection is this?

Midway between the EAM and the outer canthus
What is the CR for Lateral Sinuses?

Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Frontal
Maxillary
What sinuses are demonstrated on a Lateral sinuses radiograph?

Interpupillary line (IPL)
What line should be perpendicular to the IR for Lateral Sinuses?

Midsagittal plane (MSP)
Orbitomeatal line (OML)
What lines should be parallel to the IR for Lateral Sinuses ?

Ethmoid Sinus
E

Sphenoid sinus
S

Maxillary sinus
M

Frontal sinus
F

PA axial (Caldwell Method)
What projection is this?

CR exits the nasion & 15 degree caudal angle
What is the CR for PA axial (Caldwell Method)?

OML perpendicular to IR
What line should be perpendicular to the IR for a PA axial (Caldwell Method)?

Interpupillary line (IPL)
What line is parallel to the IR for a PA axial (Caldwell Method)?

Frontal and Ethmoid
What sinuses are clearly demonstrated on the PA axial (Caldwell Method)?

Lower 1/3 of orbits
Where are the petrous ridges located in a PA axial (Caldwell Method) radiograph?

Frontal Sinuses
A

Ethmoid Sinuses
B

Maxillary Sinus
C

Petrous ridge
D

Mastoid air cells
E

Parietoacanthial (Waters Method)
What projection is this?

CR to exit at acanthion
What is the CR for the Parietoacanthial (Waters Method)?

MML perpendicular to IR
What line should be perpendicular to the IR on a Parietoacanthial (Waters Method)?

Maxillary Sinuses
What sinuses are best demonstrated on the Parietoacanthial (Waters Method)?

37 degree angle from IR plane
What angle should the OML be at for a Parietoacanthial (Waters Method)?

Equidistant lateral border of skull and lateral borders of the orbits
How do we look for rotation/tilt for the PA Caldwell or Waters?
Pretrous ridges lie inferior to maxillary floor
Where do the petrous ridges (pyramids) lie on a Waters radiograph?
Maxillary sinus
A

Ethmoid air cells
B

Mandible
C

Sphenoid Sinus
D

Foramen spinosum
E

Mandibular condyle
F

Dens or odontoid process
G

Petrosa
H

Mastoid process
I

Occipital bone
J

Submentovertex (or vertical) SMV
What projection is this?

CR - perpendicular to IOML
enters 1-1 1/2 inch below the mentum
What is the CR for the SMV?

Infraorbital meatal line (IOML)
What line is parallel to the IR for the SMV?

Basal view because it demonstrates the base of the skull
What is the SMV known as and why?

Sphenoid and ethmoid
What sinuses are best demonstrated on an SMV?

Look for equidistant lateral border of skull to mandibular condyles
How do we look for rotation/tilt on an SMV radiograph?

Lateral (affected side only)
PA Caldwell
Waters
SMV
What are the routine projections for sinuses?
Parietoacanthial transoral (Open-Mouth Waters Method)
What is the specialty projection for sinuses?
Maxillary sinus
A

Upper teeth
B

Sphenoid sinuses
C

Lower teeth
D

Parietoacanthial Transoral (Open-Mouth Waters)
What projection is this?

Lips-meatal line (LML)
What line is perpendicular to the IR for PA Transoral (Open-Mouth Waters)?

CR exit at acanthion
What is the CR for a PA Transoral (Open-Mouth Waters)?

AP axial (Townes Method)
PA or PA axial (Caldwell Method)
Lateral (Both)
Submentovertex (SMV)
What are the routine projections for the skull?
PA Haas
What is the special projection for the skull?
Alternate position to the AP axial
When would we use the PA Haas?
Dorsum sellae
A

Posterior clinoid process
B

Petrous ridge
C

Foramen magnum
D

Occipital bone
E

Parietal bone
F

AP axial (Townes Method)
What projection is this?

CR angled - 30 degree caudad to OML or 37 degree caudad to IOML
CR placement - 2 1/2 inches above the glabella (at hair line)
What is the CR for the AP axial (Townes)?

OML (preferred) or IOML
What line should be perpendicular to the IR?

Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes projected within the foramen magnum
What is demonstrated on the AP axial (Townes)?

Equidistant from lateral borders of skull to lateral margin of foramen
Symmetric petrous ridges
How do we look for rotation on an AP axial (Townes) radiograph?

Coronal Suture
A

Orbital roof
B

Sella turcica
C

Sphenoid sinus
D

Petrous portion of temporal bone
E

Temporomandibular joint
F (jt)

EAM
G

Mandibular rami
H

Lateral Skull
What projection is this?

CR 2 inches superior to EAM
What is the CR for a lateral skull?

Interpupillary line (IPL)
What line is perpendicular to the IR for a lateral skull?

IOML and MSP
What line is parallel to the IR?

BOTH!
What lateral do we do for a skull?

Parietal bone
A

Frontal bone
B

Dorsum sella
C

Supraorbital margin
D

Petrous ridge
E

Crista galli
F

Ethmoidal sinus
G

PA Skull
What projection is this?

Orbits fill the petrous ridges
How can we tell this is a PA skull?

CR to exit the nasion
What is the CR for a PA or PA axial (Caldwell) skull?
OML perpendicular to IR
What line should be perpendicular to the IR for a PA or PA axial (Caldwell) skull?
Frontal sinus
A

Crista galli
B

Superior orbital margin
C

Superior orbital fissure
D

Ethmoid sinus
E

Petrous ridge
F
