BIO 114 Comprehensive Exam Review: Fungi, Animals, Protostomes, and Deuterostomes

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering the body structures, evolutionary relationships, and characteristic traits of Fungi and major Animal phyla (Protostomes and Deuterostomes) based on BIO 114 lecture notes.

What is the mycelium of a multicellular fungus composed of?

Hyphae, which are tubular filaments.

What material makes up the cell walls of fungi?

Chitin

Distinguish between septate hyphae and coenocytic hyphae.

Septate hyphae have incomplete cross walls called septa, while coenocytic hyphae have no cross walls.

Which monophyletic group includes Choanoflagellates, Fungi, and Animals?

Opisthokonts

What is the temperature range that fungi can typically tolerate?

$-6^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$

What are saprobes?

Organisms that digest dead organic matter; in fungi, they are major decomposers of cellulose, lignin, and keratin.

How do parasitic fungi interact with host cell structures using haustoria?

Haustoria penetrate cell walls but NOT cell membranes to absorb nutrients.

What is the difference between Ectomycorrhizae and Arbuscular mycorrhizae?

Ectomycorrhizae wrap around plant roots without penetrating cell walls, whereas Arbuscular mycorrhizae penetrate the cell wall but not the membrane.

Define Plasmogamy and Karyogamy in fungal reproduction.

Plasmogamy is the fusion of cytoplasm, and Karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei.

What characterizes the fungal group Dikarya?

It includes Sac Fungi (Ascomycota) and Club Fungi (Basidiomycota); karyogamy occurs long after plasmogamy, resulting in two genetically distinct nuclei coexisting in the same hypha.

What are the shared derived traits (synapomorphies) of all animals?

Extracellular matrix (containing collagen and proteoglycan) and unique cell junctions (tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions).

In triploblastic embryonic development, what is the fate of the blastopore in Protostomes versus Deuterostomes?

In Protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth; in Deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus.

Describe the three types of body cavities (coeloms) found in triploblastic animals.

Acoelomate (no fluid-filled cavity, space filled with mesenchyme), Pseudocoelomate (fluid-filled space with muscles only on the outside), and Coelomate (coelom within the mesoderm, lined with tissue).

What are the common features of the animal clade Choanocytes in sponges?

They beat flagella to move water and food through the sponge's water canal system.

What are the two major derived traits of Protostomes?

An anterior brain that surrounds the entrance to the digestive tract and a ventral nervous system consisting of paired or fused longitudinal nerve cords.

Define 'Lophophore' as found in some Lophotrochozoans.

A circular or U-shaped ring of hollow, ciliated tentacles around the mouth used for feeding and gas exchange.

What is ecdysis in Ecdysozoans?

The process of molting, where an external cuticle is shed so the animal can grow.

What characterizes the body plan of Chelicerates?

A two-part body (cephalothorax and abdomen), two pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts (chelicerae), and four pairs of walking legs.

How do insects (Hexapoda) perform gas exchange?

Via tracheae, which are air sacs and tubular channels starting from external openings.

What type of symmetry do adult Echinoderms typically exhibit?

Pentaradial symmetry (5-part symmetry).

Describe the function of the water vascular system in Echinoderms.

A network of water-filled canals leading to tube feet, used for gas exchange, locomotion, and feeding.

What are the four synapomorphies of Chordates?

A post-anal tail, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, and pharyngeal slits.

What is the function of the operculum in ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii)?

It is a cover over the gill chamber whose movement enhances water flow over the gills.

Which fossil, discovered in 2006, is considered an intermediate appendage fossil between fish and tetrapods?

Tiktaalik

What are the primary components and functions of the amniotic egg?

It is impermeable to water, contains food stored as yolk, and has extraembryonic membranes that protect the embryo and assist with gas exchange and nitrogen removal.

List the three main groups of mammals and their reproductive characteristics.

Monotremes (lay eggs), Marsupials (young born early and crawl into a ventral pouch), and Eutherians (placentals with more developed young at birth).

What are the three major clades of African apes?

Chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans.

According to the Protostome vs. Deuterostome comparison, where does the coelom originate in Deuterostomes?

From mesodermal pockets that bud off the gastrula.