A&P II Exam 2 (summer)

Pulmonary circuit carries blood between the …

Systemic circuit carries blood between the …

Heart has how many chambers?; what are they?

The two atria contract at the…; two ventricles contract at the …

heart and lungs

heart and body tissues

4; right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

same time; same time

Heart is in what cavity….; posterior to the …

Great vessels connect at the …; which is…

Pointed tip is the …; which is …

Heart sits between the…

thoracic; sternum

base; superior

apex; inferior

two pleural cavities in mediastinum

Pericardium surrounds the…; it has an outer…; an inner…

Inner visceral layer is known as…; pericardial cavity is between the …

Pericardial fluid is secreted into..; it does what…

Expandable outer extension in each atrium is called the…

heart; parietal layer; visceral layer

epicardium; parietal & visceral layers

pericardial cavity; lubricates & reduces friction

auricle

Sulci are…; on the …; that contain…

Coronary sulcus marks the border between…

Anterior interventricular sulcus & posterior interventricular sulcus are…

Layers of the heart wall include…

Visceral pericardium (epicardium) is the…; myocardium is the…; endocardium is the…

grooves; surface of the heart; fat & blood vessels

atria and ventricles

boundary between ventricles

parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

outer surface; middle layer of cardiac muscle tissue; inner surface layer of heart

Septa are …

Interatrial septum does what…; interventricular septum is a …

Heart valves include…

muscular partitions that separate the chambers

separates atria; thicker partition that separates the ventricles

atrioventricular (AV) valves & semilunar valves

Atrioventricular (AV) valves are between the …

AV valves open when…; close when…

Free edges attach to the …; of the …

Semilunar valves are between …; open when…; close when…

Have …

atria & ventricles

atria contract; ventricles contract

papillary muscles; ventricles via chordae tendineae

ventricles and great vessels; ventricles contract; ventricles relax

3 semilunar cusps

Tricuspid valve is between the …; has…

Mitral valve (bicuspid valve) is between the….; has …

Pulmonary valve is between the…; aortic valve is between the…

Atria are…; foramen ovale is an opening through …

Ventricles are…; trabeculae carneae are …

right atrium & right ventricle; 3 cusps

left atrium & left ventricle; 2 cusps

right ventricle & pulmonary trunk; left ventricle & aorta

top chamber with thin walls; interatrial septum present before birth

lower chambers with thick walls; muscular ridges on internal surface of both ventricles

Right atrium receives blood from the…; from…

Blood flows from the …; to the …; through the …

Left atrium receives blood from the …; from …

Blood passes from the …; to the …; through the…

body; superior & inferior vena cava

right atrium; right ventricle; tricuspid valve

lungs; two left pulmonary veins & two right pulmonary veins

left atrium ; left ventricle; mitral valve

Superior vena cava returns blood from…

Inferior vena cava returns blood from the ….

Right ventricle pumps blood into the ..; via the…

Pulmonary trunk divides into the…; that take blood to the …

Left ventricle pumps into the…; through the…

Ascending aorta makes a …; the …; then becomes the …

head, neck, upper limbs, chest

trunk, viscera, and lower limbs

pulmonary trunk; pulmonary valve

left & right pulmonary arteries; lungs

ascending aorta; aortic valve

U-turn; aortic arch; descending aorta

Both ventricles hold and pump the…

Left ventricle is …; and has a …; because it pumps blood…

Left ventricles generates…; more …; than the …

Left ventricle is round in…; right ventricle is ….

the same amount of blood

larger; thicker wall; farther

4-6 times; pressure; right ventricle

cross-section; crescent-shaped

Coronary circulation supplies blood to the …

Right coronary artery supplies blood to the …; and portions of…

Right coronary artery gives rise to…

Left coronary artery supplies blood to …

Gives rise to…

muscle tissue of the heart

right atrium; both ventricles

marginal arteries & posterior interventricular artery

left atrium, left ventricle, and interventricular septum

circumflex artery & anterior interventricular artery

Great cardiac vein drains blood from regions supplied by…

It returns blood to the …; which opens into the…

Veins that empty into the great cardiac vein or coronary sinus are…

Anterior cardiac veins empty into the…

anterior interventricular artery

coronary sinus; right atrium

posterior vein of left ventricle, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein

right atrium

Coronary artery disease is …; leads to …; and reduces…

Caused by…

Myocardial infarction (MI) or…; is blocked…; that causes…

Death of affected tissues creates a …; known as…

Most commonly results from…; a thrombus (clot) is ….

partial or complete blockage of the coronary arteries; coronary ischemia ; cardiac performance

atherosclerotic plaque

heart attack; coronary circulation; cardiac cells to die from lack of oxygen

nonfunctional area; infarct

severe CAD & coronary thrombosis; formation at plaque which obstructs the vessel

Heartbeat is a single…; all heart chambers contract in …; first the…; then the…

Two types of cardiac muscle cells are…

Autorhythmic cells (pacemaker & conducting cells) …; contractile cells produce…

Conducting system consists of …; that initiate & distribute …

Autorhythmicity is ability of the…; to…

cardiac contraction; series; atria; ventricles

autorhythmic & contractile cells

control & coordinate heartbeat; contractions that propel blood

pacemaker & conducting cells; electrical impulses that stimulate contraction

cardiac muscle tissue; contract without neural or hormonal stimulation

Pacemaker cells are found in …

Sinoatrial node is in …; it’s the primary…; atrioventricular node is at the junction bt…

Conducting cells found in…

Internodal pathways are in..; AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje in...

sinoatrial (SA) node & atrioventricular (AV) node

posterior wall of right atrium; pacemaker of the heart; atria & ventricles

internodal pathways, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

atrial walls; ventricles

Bradycardia is …; tachycardia is …

Ectopic pacemaker are…; that generate a rate of …; higher than the …

Bypasses the …; disrupts the timing of …

Pacemaker potentials cause…

abnormally slow heart rate; abnormally fast resting heart rate

abnormal cells; action potentials; SA node

conducting system; ventricular contractions

action potentials in contractile cells

Cardiac contractile cells form …

Intercalated discs interconnect…; & propagate…

RMP of ventricular contractile cell is at…; RMP of atrial contractile cell is …

99% of atrial & ventricular walls

contractile cells; action potentials (gap junctions)

-90mV; -80mV

Pacemaker potential is gradual…

SA node is how many action potentials per minute…; AV node…

SA node establishes the…; which is….; potential can travel from…; to …

Rapid depolarization is influx of…; plateau is depolarization & repolarization as …

Repolarization is when …

depolarization of pacemaker cells due to slow inflow of Na+

60-100; 40-60

sinus rhythm; basic heart rhythm; SA node; neighboring myocardial cells by gap junctions

Na+ through V-gated Na+ channels; Ca+ enters through V-gated Ca+ channels

Ca+ channels close and K+ channels open

Refractory period is time during which the membrane of contractile cell will not…

Absolute refractory period is when…; cannot generate another…; because the…

Relative refractory period is when cardiac contractile cells respond only to…

Action potential in ventricular contractile cell is …; longer than that in..

Long refractory period prevents…

respond normally to another stimulus

cardiac contractile cells; action potential; fast sodium channels are open or inactivated

strong stimuli

30 times; skeletal muscle fiber

summation & tetanus

Cardiac cycle is the period between the …; within each…

Systole is …; diastole is…

Blood pressure in each chamber rises during…; falls during…

Blood flows from area of …; to area of…; blood flow is directed by …

start of one heartbeat & the next; chamber

contraction; relaxation

systole; diastole

higher pressure; lower pressure; one-way valves

In atrial systole, atria eject blood into the…; ventricles are…; AV valves are…

When atrial systole ends & AV valves close, what begins?

Ventricular systole begins and AV valves…; when enough…

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction is when ventricular systole…; but blood isn’t…; bc…

Ventricular ejection is ventricular systole continues & enough…; to open; blood ejected into…

Semilunar valves close as …

ventricles; relaxed; open

atrial diastole

close; pressure builds in ventricles

continues; moving anywhere; semilunar & AV valves are closed

pressure builds in ventricles; semilunar valves; pulmonary trunk & aorta

pressure in ventricles decreases

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation is when…; all valves are…

AV valves …; and passive ventricular filling …

Ventricular pressure drops below…; blood flows from the …; atria are still in…

ventricular diastole begins; closed

open; occurs

atrial pressure & AV valves open; atria into ventricles; diastole

End-diastolic volume (EDV) is blood in …; at end of …; about…

Stroke volume (SV) is blood …; about…

End-systolic volume (ESV) is blood …; about…

Auscultation is listening with a …; S1 is …; which is when…

S2 is …; which is when…

ventricle; ventricular diastole; 130mL

ejected by ventricle during systole; 70-80mL

remaining in ventricle after contraction; 50mL

stethoscope; lubb; AV valves close

dupp; semilunar valves close

Heart murmurs are sounds produced by …

Mitral stenosis is when valve…; incompetent valves do not…

Murmurs can also be caused by…; septal defects are …

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is recording of…; obtained by placing…

Abnormal patterns used to…; EKG is summary of …; taking place w/in…; not direct measure of…

regurgitation through valves

calcifies & impairs flow; close properly

damaged papillary muscles & mitral valve prolapse; holes in interventricular or interatrial septa

electrical events in the heart; electrodes at specific locations

diagnose damage; electrical changes; all cells of entire organ; action potentials

P wave is …; what contracts after P wave…

QRS complex is …; atrial depolarization happens at…; ventricle contracts shortly after…

T wave is …

P-R interval is from start of…; to start of…; if too long, it indicates…

Q-T interval is time for; if too long, indicates…

depolarization of atria; atria

depolarization of ventricles; same time; R wave peak

repolarization of ventricles

atrial depolarization; ventricular depolarization; damage to AV node

ventricles to depolarize & repolarize; electrolyte disturbance, conduction problem, heart damage

ECG printout is a strip of…; with a record of the …

Placement of electrodes affects the …

Premature atrial contraction occur in…; normal atrial is momentarily…; by a …

Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia is a …; that triggers a flurry of…

Atrial fibrillation is when impulses move over the…; at rates of perhaps…

graph paper; electrical events monitored by the electrodes

size & shape of the waves recorded

healthy individuals; interrupted; surprise atrial contraction

premature atrial contraction; atrial activity

atrial surface; 500 bpm

Premature ventricular contractions occur when a …; depolarizes to …; & triggers a …

Ventricular tachycardia is defined as …; without intervening …; also known as…

Ventricular fibrillation is responsible for condition known as…; ventricles…; & stop…

Purkinje cell or ventricular myocardial cell; threshold; premature contraction

four or more PVCs; normal beats; VT or V-tach

cardiac arrest; quiver; pumping blood

Ischemic heart disease is characterized by …; due to…

Associated with increased production of…; & …; called…

Necrosis of some areas of the heart leads to a …

AV/Node Block is damage to the …; which can be seen in changes in the …

1st degree is when impulse conduction exceeds…; 2nd degree is when not every…

3rd degree/complete is when…; a pacemaker in Purkinje fibers take over, but this is…

inadequate oxygen; reduced blood flow

lactic acid; resulting pain; angina pectoris

myocardial infarction

AV node; P-R interval of an ECG

0.2 secs; electrical wave can pass to ventricles

no stimulation gets through; slow (20-40bpm)

Parasympathetic effects on SA node includes acetycholine decreasing HR by opening…

Potassium ions leave the…; and slow…

Sympathetic effects on SA node include norepinephrine increasing HR by…; increasing rate of…

These effects are through…

Venous return is the amount of blood…

Directly affects the…; increased return stretches the walls of the …; and that leads to …

potassium ion channels

cell; spontaneous depolarization

opening sodium & calcium ions; depolarization

pacemaker potentials

returning to the heart through the veins

HR; atria; faster SA node depolarization & increase in the HR

Cardiac output (CO) is amount of blood…

Heart rate (HR) is number of …; stroke volume is amount of blood …

Cardiac reserve is the difference between the …

Trained athletes can increase their CO by…; CO can’t increase…; because increased HR …

pumped by left ventricle in 1 minute

heartbeats per minute; ejected by left ventricle during systole

resting cardiac output and maximal cardiac output

700%; indefinitely; shortens filling time & eventually SV decreases & CO plateaus & declines

Factors affecting EDV (end-diastolic volume) includes…

Filling time is the duration of…; includes…

Preload is degree of…; directly proportional to the…

Preload affects the ability of …

Afterload is ..; this will decrease …

filling time, preload, afterload

ventricular diastole; venous return

ventricular stretching during ventricular diastole; EDV

muscle cells to produce tension by changing resting length of sarcomeres

arterial pressure the ventricle pumps against; stroke volume & increase end systolic volume

Contractility (inotropy) is the amount of…

Sympathetic stimulation causes the ventricles to contract with…; increases the…

Parasympathetic stimulation reduces the force of…; decreases the…

Frank-Starling Law is when the …; is proportional to the …

During exercise, ventricles stretch to accommodate…

Corresponds with…

force produced during contraction at a given preload

more force; ejection fraction & decreases the ESV

cardiac contractions; ejection fraction & increases the ESV

force of cardiac muscle contraction; resting length of its fibers

increasing amounts of passively-entering blood (preload)

increase in contractile force

Arteries carry blood …; they branch repeatedly into …

Arterioles are the …; that lead to …

Capillaries are the ..; it is the location of exchange between…

Venules are the …

Veins return…; smaller veins unite to form…

away from heart; smaller branches

smallest branches of the arteries; capillary beds

smallest blood vessels; blood & interstitial fluid

smallest branches of veins that collect blood from capillaries

blood to the heart; larger ones

Layers of vessel wall include?

Tunica intima is the …; lines the…; includes an…

Tunica media is the …; contains …

Tunica externa or …; is the…; contains…

In arteries, contains…; in veins, is …; & contains…

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

inner layer; lumen or interior space; endothelial lining

middle layer; concentric sheets of smooth muscle

tunica adventitia; outer layer; connective tissue

collagen & elastic fibers; thicker; smooth muscle

Arteries have …; with more…; in the…

Arteries deal with…; veins have a …

Arteries stay …; veins …; veins have what to prevent backflow?

thicker walls; smooth muscle & elastic fibers; tunica media

higher blood pressure than veins; larger lumen than arteries

circular when cut; collapse; valves

Elastic arteries or …; are the …; closest to the…

Elastic rebound are when…; during…; & recoil during…

Muscular arteries or…; are …; which have lots of …

Arterioles or…; are…; vasoconstriction & vasodilation affects…

Vasoconstriction is…; makes diameter…

Vasodilation is …; makes the diameter…

conducting arteries; largest arteries; heart

walls stretch with increasing pressure; ventricular systole; diastole

distribution arteries; medium-sized arteries; smooth muscle

resistance vessels; smallest arteries; resistance in cardiovascular system

contraction of arterial smooth muscle; smaller

relaxation of arterial smooth muscle; larger

Capillaries are …; exchange between…

Continuous capillaries are complete…; fenestrated capillaries are…

Sinusoids are …

Precapillary sphincters are bands of …; that encircle each…

Metarteriole arises from the …; thoroughfare channel arises from…; returns blood to…

True capillaries are vessels of …; branch off the…; converge upon the …

thin walls of tunica intima only; blood & interstitial fluid

endothelial lining; pores in endothelial lining

gaps between adjacent endothelial cells

smooth muscle; true capillary at its origin from a metartiole

terminal arteriole; metarteriole; post capillary venule

exchange; metarteriole; thoroughfare channel

Veins collect …; from…

Venules are …; that collect…

Medium-sized veins have …; large veins have …; and a …

Venous valves are folds of the …; prevent blood from…

Compression of veins pushes blood …; if valves don’t work properly, blood…; known as…

blood; capillaries and return it to heart

very small veins; blood from capillaries

all 3 tunic layers; all three layers; thick tunica externa

tunica intima; flowing backward

toward heart & improves venous return; pools in the veins; varicose veins

In venous blood pressure, pressure in veins is much…; needs…

Venous valves have a?

Muscular pump are when…; respiratory pump is when …; during …; & draws blood to…

Capacitance vessels are when veins are..; expand…; and have a …

Veins act as …; and can accommodate …

lower than arteries; assistance to return to the heart

muscular & respiratory pump

contracting muscles compress veins; pressure changes; inspiration; thoracic cavity

distensible; easily; high capacitance

blood reservoirs; large changes in blood volume

Blood flow (Q) is determined by …; Q=…

Pressure is generated by the …; and is directly proportional to…

Increasing the radius will also increase the…

Resistance is inversely proportional to…; increasing viscosity & length of vessels will…

pressure and resistance; P/R

heart; flow

flow

flow; increase resistance

Total peripheral resistance measures resistance of the…

Vascular resistance is due to the …

Blood viscosity is resistance caused by…; whole blood viscosity is about..

Turbulence is a …; that …

Blood pressure is the …; that blood…

entire cardiovascular system

friction between blood and the vessel walls

interactions between molecules & suspended materials in a liquid; 10x that of water

swirling action; disturbs smooth blood flow

fluid pressure; exerts against vessel walls

Systolic pressure is the…; while left ventricle…; and pushes blood into…

Diastolic pressure measures when …; it is the…

Pulse pressure is difference between…; mean arterial pressure is the average…

Blood pressure calculation/measurement is…

Total peripheral resistance is the resistance to the…

peak arterial pressure during ventricular systole; contracts; aorta

lowest blood pressure in aorta; minimum arterial pressure at end of ventricular diastole

diastolic & systolic pressure; pressure in your arteries during cardiac cycle

total peripheral resistance x cardiac output

flow of blood in systemic circuit

Pressure in arterial circulation decreases…; capillary pressures are…; venous pressure is…

Velocity of blood flow…; from…; and increases again on the …; but not as high as the…

Pulse is the …; MAP calculation…

Hypertension is …; hypotension is…

rapidly; lower; lowest

decreases; arteries to capillaries; venous side; arterial side

rhythmic fluctuation in pressure of arteries w/ each heartbeat; diastolic + pulse pressure/3

chronically elevated blood pressure; abnormally low blood pressure

Capillary exchange is the …; between…

Cells rely on …; for …

Slow blood flow through capillaries make exchange …; material move across capillary walls by….

Diffusion is the net movement of …; from an area of…

Diffusion continues until gradient is…; factors that make diffusion efficient is…

chemical & gaseous exchange; blood in capillaries & interstitial fluid

capillary exchange; nutrients & waste removal

efficient; diffusion, filtration, reabsorption

ions or molecules; high to an area of low concentration

eliminated; short distances, steeper concentration gradient, & smaller solute size

Filtration is the removal of …; as a solution passes through a…

Driven by…; capillary filtration is …

More filtration at the …; because…

Reabsoprtion is movement of…

Osmosis is the movement of …; across a membrane from…

Bulk is the continuous net movement of …; through…; and then back to…

solute; porous membrane

hydrostatic pressure; water & small solutes are forced across the capillary wall

arterial end; blood pressure is higher

water back into capillaries driven by osmosis

water; lower solute concentration to a solution with higher solute concentration

water; tissues; blood stream via the lymphatic system

Cardiovascular system consists of …

Blood is the …; heart is a …; blood vessels are…; that carry blood through…

Blood is a …; containing…

Blood is a component of…; includes…

Plasma is the …; formed elements are…

blood, heart, blood vessels

fluid component; pump that circulates blood; conducting passageways; body

specialized connective tissue; cells suspended in a fluid matrix

whole blood; plasma & formed elements

fluid component of blood; cells and cells fragments

Blood transports …; regulates the …; of…

Restricts…; defends against…; stabilizes …

Fractionation is the process of …; average adult volume is about …

% of formed elements…; % of plasma…; pH is slightly…

Hematocrit is …; buffy coat is …

dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones; pH & ion composition; interstitial fluids

fluid losses at injury sites; toxins & pathogens; body temp by redistributing heat

separating whole blood into plasma & formed elements; 5 liters

45%; 55%; alkaline

packed red blood cells; platelets & white blood cells

Plasma makes up between …; contains…

Albumins are the most…; transports…

Globulins are…; or…

Fibrinogen functions in…; converted to …; during…

Most plasma proteins are synthesized by the …; immunoglobulins are made by…

46-63% of blood volume; 92% water, plasma proteins, organic nutrients/wastes, electrolytes

abundant plasma proteins; fatty acids, thyroid hormones, some steroid hormones

antibodies; immunoglobins

clotting; fibrin; coagulation

liver; white blood cells

Hemopoiesis is the process of …; includes…

Erythrocytes are…; contain…; which …

Hematocrit is the percentage of…; normal is between…

Numbers of RBCs per microliter of whole blood in adult male is…; adult female is…

producing formed elements; red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (cell fragments)

99.9% of formed elements; hemoglobin; binds & transports oxygen & carbon dioxide

red blood cells; 37-54%

4.5-6.3 million; 4.2-5.5 million

RBC’s are small, …; kind of discs?…; have a …; bend & flex through…

They are …; meaning they lack…; also lack.. unable to …

Hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb) is protein in…; that transports…; has a complex…; which includes…

Heme is an…; iron reversibly binds oxygen molecule to form...

Hemoglobin that doesn’t carry oxygen is called…; polypeptides can also bind CO2 to form…

highly specialized cells; biconcave; large surface area; small capillaries

anucleate; nuclei; mitochondria & ribosomes; divide or repair damage

RBCs; oxygen & carbon dioxide; quaternary structure; 2 alpha & 2 beta chains

iron containing pigment in each polypeptide; oxyhemoglobin

deoxyhemoglobin; carbaminohemoglobin

Hemoglobin binds to …; % of oxygen carried by blood; is bound to…

When plasma oxygen levels are low, Hb releases…; when plasma O2 content is…; Hb binds to…

Carbon dioxide binds to a different portion of the …; not the…

Erythropoiesis is …; in adults, erythropoiesis occurs only in…; which is…

oxygen & carbon dioxide; 98.5%; Hb

oxygen; high; oxygen

hemoglobin polypeptides; heme

red blood cell formation; myeloid tissue; red bone marrow

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormones that stimulates…; released from…; when…

Blood doping is when people take …; to elevate…

Leukocytes all have …; all can migrate outta..; all capable of …; all attracted to…; some are…

Types of WBC’s are…; granular leukocytes include…; agranular leukocytes include…

erythropoiesis; kidney; oxygen is low (hypoxia)

EPO, testosterone, or packed RBCs; hematocrit

nuclei & other organelles; bloodstream; amoeboid movement; chemical stimuli; phagocytic

granular & agranular; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils; monocytes & lymphocytes

Neutrophils are …; they are the most …; they attack & digest…

They have a …; with …; containing…; they are mobile & …; first to arrive at the…

Eosinophils is …; attack…; sensitive to…

Basophils is less than…; enhance local inflammation by releasing…; histamine ..; heparin…

polymorphonuclear leukocytes; abundant WBC; bacteria

multi lobed nucleus; granules; bactericidal compounds; active phagocytic cells; site of injury

2-4% of circulating WBCs; large parasites by releasing toxic compounds; allergens

1% of circulating WBCs; histamine & heparin; dilates blood vessels; prevents blood clotting

Monocytes are large…; % of circulating WBCs…; become…

Aggressive phagocytes that engulf…; release…; that attract other…

Lymphocytes are the …; % of circulating WBC’s…; part of body’s…

Classes of lymphocytes include…

spherical cells; 2-8%; macrophages

large pathogens; chemicals; phagocytic cells & fibroblasts to injured area

smallest leukocytes; 20-40%; specific defense system

T cells (T lymphocytes), B cells (B lymphocytes), natural killer (NK) cells

T cells are responsible for…; defense against …

B cells are responsible for…; defense that involves …

Natural killer cells are responsible for…; participates in…

Thrombocytes are …; they are fragments of …; circulate for…

Thrombocytes are removed by…; mainly in the…; how many per microliter of blood?

cell-mediated immunity; invading foreign cells & coordinating the immune response

humoral immunity; antibodies

immune surveillance; detection & destruction of abnormal cells

platelets; large cells called megakaryocytes; 9-12 days

phagocytes; spleen; 150,000 to 500,000

Antigens are a chemical characteristic that causes immune system to…; antibodies are…

Cells have proteins on their …; that recognize them as …; variations are important..; can be…

RBC has a lot of protein markers or ..; 2 extremely important blood groups are..

mount an immune response; defensive proteins that identify & attack antigens

surface; self; medically; attacked under certain circumstances

blood groups; ABO blood & RH blood group

Our genes carry instruction for building the ABO …; on…

Includes what markers?; third version of gene that doesn’t call for a marker is…

Depending on your ABO group, your blood plasma will contain…

Rh blood typing determines the presence of absence of an..; Rh factor is another…;that can…

Rh1 is when your blood cells ..; and you are…; Rh- is when you …

self markers; RBCs

Type A & type B marker; type O

antibodies to other blood types

Rh marker; surface maker; also cause agglutination

have this maker; Rh+; do not have the marker

Blood typing is when you mix…; clumping indicates presence of…

Type O people are ..; have neither …; type AB people are …

Agglutination is the mixing of…; antibodies act against the …; causes them to..; which…

Hemostasis is the process of …; phases include,,

blood with indicated antibodies; antigen

universal donors; A nor B antigens; universal recipients

incompatible blood; foreign cells; clump; clogs vessels & may cause death

stopping bleeding; vascular phase, platelet phase, coagulation phase

Vascular phase includes…; vascular spasm is the contraction of…; to reduce…

Platelet phase includes…

Platelet adhesion when platelets attach to…; platelet aggregation when platelets …

Inhibited by…

vascular spasm; smooth muscle fibers of vessel wall; blood flow & blood loss

platelet adhesion & platelet aggregation

exposed collagen & sticky endothelium; stick to each other to form platelet plug

prostacyclin

Many clotting proteins are …; when activated, they direct reactions in…

Coagulation involves formation of …; through the…

Hemostasis includes what minerals/ions…; essential to…; all 3 pathways need..; Vit K needed for

Examples of bleeding & clotting extremes?

Thrombocytopenia is when…; hemophilia is an…; thrombophilia increases…

proenzymes; clotting response

fibrin; extrinsic, intrinsic, and common pathways

calcium ions & vitamin K; clotting process; Ca2+; synthesis of 4 clotting factors

thrombocytopenia, hemophilia, & thrombophilia

platelet count is too low; inherited bleeding disorder; clot formation