Anatomy & Physiology Ch 1 & 2

Anatomy

Study of form.

Physiology

Study of function.

Inspection

Looking at the body’s appearance during an exam.

Palpation

Feeling with hands to assess conditions like swollen lymph nodes.

Auscultation

Listening to sounds made by the body to detect abnormalities.

Percussion

Tapping on the body to feel abnormal resistance.

Dissection

Cutting apart and separating tissue to examine relationships.

Comparative Anatomy

Examining multiple species to identify evolutionary trends.

Medical Imaging

Viewing inside the body without surgery.

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures visible to the naked eye.

Histology

Study of microscopic structures using slides.

Histopathology

Examining microscopic cells or tissues for disease.

Cytology

Study of the structure and function of individual cells.

Ultrastructure

Viewing inner structures of cells using high magnification.

Neurophysiology

Study of the physiology of the nervous system.

Endocrinology

Study of hormones.

Pathology

Study of mechanisms of disease.

Comparative Physiology

Study of different species to learn about body functions.

Hippocratic Oath

Established ethical guidelines for physicians.

Biochemistry

Study of molecules that compose living organisms.

Element

Simplest form of matter with unique chemical properties.

Isotope

Varieties of an element differing in the number of neutrons.

Ionization

Transfer of electrons between atoms, forming ions.

Electrolytes

Mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function.

Free Radicals

Unstable particles produced by metabolic reactions.

Covalent Bond

Chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with no double bonds between carbons.

Peptide Bond

Bond joining amino acids in a protein.

Enzyme

Protein that acts as a biological catalyst.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The most important energy-transfer molecule in the body.

Hydrophilic

Substance that dissolves in water.

Hydrophobic

Substance that does not dissolve in water.

Buffer

Chemical solution that resists changes in pH.

Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides.

Homeostasis

Ability to maintain stable internal conditions.

Negative Feedback

Mechanism that reverses a change to maintain homeostasis.

Positive Feedback

Self-amplifying cycle leading to greater change in the same direction.

Anatomical Orientation

A standardized position used in anatomy for reference.

Disruption of Homeostasis

An imbalance in body systems that can lead to disease.

Horizontal Plane

A plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections.

Lateral Plane

A plane that splits the body into left and right segments.

Coronal Plane

A plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections.

Symmetrical Sagittal Plane

A division that creates equal left and right halves of the body.

Away from Midline

Term describing a position that is located further from the center of the body.

Toward Midline

Term used to denote a position closer to the center of the body.

Farther from Attachment

A term that refers to being located further away from the point where an arm or leg attaches to the torso.

Closer to Attachment

A term that indicates a location nearer to the point of limb attachment.

Cellular Biology

Study of the structure and function of cells.

Tissue Types

Classification of groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Organ Systems

Groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions.

Homeostasis Mechanisms

Processes that maintain stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment.

Functional Anatomy

Study of the relationship between structure and function in the body.

Pathophysiology

Study of how disease processes affect the functioning of the body.

Comparative Anatomy

Comparison of anatomical structures across different organisms to understand evolutionary relationships.

Integration of Systems

Collaboration of various body systems to maintain overall health.

Critical Processes

Vital functions that are necessary for the survival of organisms.

Developmental Biology

Study of the process by which organisms grow and develop.