AP lab exam 1

CHON

Carbon , Hydrogen, Oxygen , Nitrogen

Cations

K, ca, na,

Anions

cl-

Carbs

very polar and hydrophilic

Proteins

very polar and hydrophilic

collagen

most common protein

Lipids

nonpolar and hydrophobic

location of sodium

outsdie of cell

location of potassium

inside the cell

fluid mosaic

description of the plasma membrane

what gets through the plasma membrane

Lipid-soluble stuff

Flagella

move the cell and only sperm have it

Cilia

moves secretion and found in the Auto-stratified columnar epithelial tissue of the lumen of the trachea

Microvilli

absorb by extending the surface area

Glycolipids

extracellular markers that sit on the phospholipid heads

Nucleus

cite of Transcription

Ribosomes

cite of Translation

simple diffusion

high to low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

through protein carrier/channel- high to low concentration

active transport

transport against its concentration gradient

ATPase pump

Enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP for energy.

Symport

two substances move in the same direction

Antiport

two substances in opposite directions

Exocytosis

vesicle releases substances into the ECF

Endocytosis

material brought into cell through phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Isotonic

no net water movement; Good shape and tugor

Hypotonic

water enters cells bc there are fewer solutes in the cytosol Cells expand- and pop (hemolysis)

Hypertonic

water leaves the cell bc there is a higher concentration of solutes in the cytosol

Cells shrink (crenation)

Exocrine

secrete into a duct or out of the body

Endocrine

chemical messages released into the blood

simple squamous shape

single layer, thin, flat, Nucleus burst outs

simple squamous function

diffusion, filtration, secretion

simple squamous location

air sacs, endothelium

simple cuboidal shape

cube shaped, nucleus in middle

simple cuboidal function

Absorption and secretion

simple cuboidal location

Kidney tubules, thyroid gland; surface of ovary; secretory regions and ducts of most glands

simple columnar shape

Longer than wider nucleus drops to towards the basement membrane

simple columnar function

Absorption and secretion

simple columnar location

inside of digestive tract

goblet cells

secrete mucus into the lumens

Pseudostratified columnar

Nuclei look like they are on top of each other, but they aren't. Ciliated.

pseudostratified columnar function

protection and secretion

pseudostratified columnar function location

respiratory system

Stratified squamous

two layers of squamous cells. Keratinized or unkeratinized

stratified squamous function

protection

stratified squamous location

Keratinized: epidermis

Unkeratinized: throat and birth canal

Stratified cuboidal

two layers of cubodial

stratified cuboidal function

protection and secretion

stratified cuboidal location

ducts

Stratified columnar

two layers of long columnar

stratified columnar location

arge ductus of salivary glands and male urethra

transitional

lots of nuclei on top, flattened at bottom

transitional function

extends

transitional location

In the urinary tract

tendon

Connects muscle to bone

ligament

Connects bone to bone

fascia

connects muscle to muscle

classifications of connective tissue:

proper, supportive, fluid

loose connective tissue:

Fewer fibers more ground substance. Areolar, adipose, reticular

dense connective tissue

More fibers less ground substance. dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

areolar

contains fibroblasts, white blood cells, macrophages and fat cells

areolar function

support, holding body fluids (as in edema), immune

areolar location

surrounds blood vessels, nerves and organs

adipose tissue

adipocytes pushes the nucleus to the edge of the cell. Very vascular

adipose function

stores energy, cushioning, and insulation

adipose location

beneath skin and around organs

reticular tissue

many reticular cells and white blood cells

reticular function

support of cells for immune protection

reticular location

lymphatic tissues

dense regular

fibroblasts and tissue is poorly vascularized. Many rows of collagen fibers

dense regular function

act as attachments that provide strength in one direction

dense regular location

in ligaments, tendons and fascia

dense irregular

thicker collagen fibers oriented in all directions

dense irregular function

act as attachments that provide strength in many directions

dense irregular location

in dermis of the skin

dense elastic

elastic fibers;fibroblasts

dense elastic function

Allows for stretching and recoi

dense elastic location

walls of arteries

hyaline cartilage

irregularly arranged chondrocytes

hyaline cartilage function

support

hyaline cartilage location

articular surfaces of bones, tip of nose

fibrocartilage

parallel collagen fibers with limited ground substance; large chondrocytes in lacunae

fibrocartilage function

shock absorber in joints

fibrocartilage location

vertebral discs

elastic cartilage

Abundant elastic fibers that form weblike mesh;closely packed chondrocytes in lacunae

elastic cartilage function

Maintains shape with flexibility

elastic cartilage location

External ear; epiglottis of larynx

compact bone

compact bone organized in osteons

spongy bone

meshwork organization

bone

osteocytes trapped in lacunae

function of bone

blood cell formation, structure, support,

blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes,and platelets in plasma ground substance

blood function

deliver oxygen and immune response

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