Organic Chemistry

Where do you find carbon?

All living matter such as body tissue, foods, common fuels such as coal, wood, gasoline

Single Bond Hybrid Orbitals

sp3

Single Bond pattern and shape

zigzag or tetrahedral

Double Bond Hybrid Orbitals

sp2

Where are double bonds located?

atoms will be in the same plane (trigonal planar)

Triple Bond Hybrid Orbitals

sp

Where are triple bonds located?

atoms in same plane and linear

Allotrophy

existence of two or more different molecular forms of an element that exist in the allotropes are different in arrangement and number of atoms, so they have different properties

Carbon Allotropes

diamond, graphite, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes

Fullerenes

dark-colored solids made of spherically networked carbon-atom cages

Buckminster Fuller

geodesic domes; bucky ball; Epcot

Organic Compounds

covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonated and oxides

Catenation

the bonding of an element to itself to form chains or rings

Hydrocarbons

compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen

What are the simplest of the organic compounds?

hydrocarbons

Isomers

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures, and so have different properties

Structural Isomers

isomers where the atoms are bonded together in different orders

Geometric Isomers

isomers where the order of atom bonding is the same, but the arrangement on space is different (cis and trans)

Saturated Hydrocarbons

hydrocarbons where each carbon atom in the molecule forms four single covalent bonds with other atoms

Alkanes

name given to the hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds

Alkane General Formula

CnH2n+2

Cycloalkanes

alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring or cyclic structure

Cycloalkane General Formula

CnH2n

When naming unbranched alkane chains…

choose the longest chain and name it with appropriate prefix

alkyl groups

groups of atoms that are formed when one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane molecule

C-H bond is nearly…

nonpolar; the only forces of attraction are the London Dispersion Forces

Because of the affected boiling points…

smaller carbon chains are gases and larger carbons chains are liquids and solids

Natural Gas

making methane- butane, gasoline, kerosene

Petroleum

a mixture of different hydrocarbons that vary in composition

Fraction Distillation

process where components of a mixture ares separated on the basis of boiling point, by condensation of the vapor in a fractionating column

Combustion

reaction involved by the burning of a substance; many times an alkane hydrocarbon

Octane Ratings

a measure of a fuel;s burning efficiency and its antiknock properties; dependent on the structure of hydrocarbon

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

hydrocarbons in which not all carbon atoms have four single covalent bonds

alkenes

hydrocarbons that contain double covalent bonds

General Formula for non-cyclic alkenes with one double bond

CnH2n

Common use of alkene

ethene (plant that triggers fruit ripening)

Alkynes

hydrocarbons with triple covalent bonds

General Formula for alkynes

CnH2n-2

One example of common use of alkyne

ethyne (acetylene torches)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

hydrocarbons with 6-membered carbon rings and delocalized electrons

Primary Aromatic Hydrocarbon

benzene

Heterocyclic

when in a benzene molecule or cycloalkane, a carbon atom on the ring is replaced by another element

Properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

very stable, less active when alone

poisonous, carcinogen - when your body tries to break down the ring to make it soluble, toxic molecules are produced

Benzene is found in gasoline and can be absorbed through skin

Functional Groups

an atom or group that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compounds

Location of a function group is…

usually site of chemical reactivity

All molecules with same functional groups will have similar …

properties so they’re grouped together

Alcohols

organic compounds that contains one or more hydroxyl groups

General Formula of Alcohol

R-OH

Boiling points of alcohols are…

higher than comparably sized alkanes

As number of hydroxyl groups go up, so does

boiling point… explained by hydrogen bonding

Smaller alcohols are…

soluble in water

Alcohol is used in certain products to…

keep them moist, such as lotions, soaps, make-ups

Alcohol is used in..

some alternative fuels and are all poisonous to some extent

Alkyl Halides

organic compounds in which one or more halogen atoms - F, Cl, Br, or I - are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms In the hydrocarbon

General Formula of Alkyl Halides

R-X(represents only halogens)

Use of Alkyl Halides

CFC’s - foams, refrigerants, aerosols; destruction of ozone, teflon

Ethers

organic compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same atom of oxygen

General Formula of Ethers

R - O - R’

Ethers and alcohols have …

about the same solubility because they took can form H-bonds with water- tiny

Ethers boiling points are…

lower because they can’t H-bond with themselves like alcohols can

Ethers are not very..

reactive

Ethers are used as a ___ in industry

solvent

Aldehydes

organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon atom chain

Simplest Aldehyde

formaldehyde

Aldehydes are used in many

plastics

ALdehydes are responsible for a lot of…

our odors and flavors like cinnamon

Ketones

organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to the carbon atoms within the chain

Simplest ketone

acetone

Ketones responsible for

a lot of our odors and flavors musch like aldehydes

Carboxylic Acids

organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group

Carboxylic acids are generally much

weaker than inorganic acids

Many carboxylic acids

occur naturally

Some carboxylic acids are used as

preservatives (citric acids) or starting points in chemical manufacturing

Esters

organic compounds with carboxylic acid groups in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group is replaced by an ally group

Esters are found in

plants - distinctive flavors; odors, many we can replace

Amine

organic compound that can be corresponded to derived of ammonia, NH3

Amines are common during

breakdown of proteins in animal cells

Amines have

very unpleasant odors

Alkaloids

naturally occurring amine products of plants that have physiological effect in animals (caffeine, nicotine, morphine)