English Grammar and Tense Review Flashcards

Practice flashcards covering English grammar topics including past and present perfect tenses, reported speech, modal verbs of deduction, and future forms based on the lecture notes.

What structure is used with 'By the time' in the sentence 'By the time Ahmed studied English, he had played Tennis'?

The Past Perfect ($had + P.P.$) is used to indicate the action that happened first.

Which words are listed as synonyms for 'Because' in the notes?

AS and Since.

Why is the Present Perfect Continuous used in the sentence: 'She is exhausted because she has been studying English all night'?

To show the reason for her current state of exhaustion after a continuous activity.

What is the Passive Voice formula for the Past Simple based on the 19th-century painting example?

$Obj + was/were + P.P.$ (Example: 'The painting was painted by famous artist in 19th century').

According to the notes, what follows the auxiliary verbs 'Do', 'Does', and 'Did' (or their negatives)?

The infinitive ($inf$).

Explain the difference in the ending of these 'used to' sentences: 'youssef used to watch Tom & Jerry but now he doesn't' vs 'Ahmed used to be nervous but now he isn't'.

Use 'doesn't' for action verbs and 'isn't' for the verb 'to be' when contrasting past habits with the present.

What word is interchangeable with 'if' in reported questions like 'Abdullah asked omar if he liked tennis'?

whether

Under what conditions does the verb tense remain unchanged in reported speech?

When the reporting verb is 'Says', when the statement was made 'just a moment ago', or when the statement refers to 'facts'.

What does the modal structure 'Could have + P.P.' express?

A possibility or capability in the past that did not occur (Example: 'I could have gone To Loxor but I went to Aswan').

Which modal is used to express being 'sure thing happened in the past' (certainty)?

$Must have + P.P.$ (Example: 'The street is wet, it must have rained').

Which modal is used for negative certainty in the past?

$Can't have + P.P.$ (Example: 'The door is open, you can't have locked the door').

What is the difference between 'Have been to' and 'Have gone to'?

'Have been to' means the person went and returned, while 'Have gone to' means they went but have not returned yet.

What is the formula for using 'Since' with a time duration and a past event?

$It is + \text{A long time} + since + \text{Past Simple}$ (Example: 'It is A long time since I last time met him').

According to the notes, which expressions use the preposition 'for'?

Ages, A long time, Days, years, and 'The last + ON'.

According to the notes, which expressions use the word 'since'?

'last + …' and 'The last + CN'.

What is the future form used for 'visible evidence' (any visible evidence)?

$Am/is/are + Going to + inf$ (Example: 'The sky is cloudy, It's going to rain').

Which future form is used when something is 'Arranged'?

$$Am/is/are + V-ing$$

What are three uses for 'will + inf' listed in the notes?

Offering help, stating age facts (e.g., 'Next year, I will be 17'), and predictions without evidence (e.g., 'think we will win tomorrow').

In reported speech, what does 'yesterday' change to?

'The previous day' or 'Before'.

In reported speech, what are the three options for 'tomorrow'?

'The following day', 'The next day', or 'The day after'.

What structure follows 'Having' in an active sentence?

$Having + P.P.$ (Example: 'Having done my homework, I slept').

What is the passive structure for 'Having'?

$Having been + P.P.$ (Example: 'Having been repaired, The car looked great').

What conjunction is paired with 'No sooner'?

than (Example: 'No sooner had he studied Than he slept').

What conjunction is paired with 'Hardly' and 'Scarcely'?

when

What word is used to connect the clauses in 'It was only when' and 'It is not until' structures?

That (Example: 'it was only when I had studied that I slept').

What tense is used for time tables (e.g., a train schedule)?

Present Simple (Example: 'my train leaves at $7$').

What is the rule for the placement of frequency adverbs (like 'always') relative to verbs?

They come AFTER 'Am/is/are' (e.g., 'Am always late') but BEFORE the main verb (e.g., 'youssef always plays tennis').