Glacial landscapes

What is the maximum extent of ice cover across the UK during the last ice age

During the last ice age, ice covered most of the UK extending as far south as the Bristol Channel and it was 3km thick

What is the process of freeze thaw weathering

Water flows into cracks on the rocks. It freezes about the rocks expands, widening the cracks. The ice thaws and the process repeats until the rock breaks apart

What is the process of abrasion

As rock fragments in the ice scrape against the rock below, the friction causes the rock to wear away. Carved out grooves called striations are left behind.

What is the process of plucking

When moving ice meets bits of protruding rock, the pressure causes the ice to melt and refreeze on the rock’s surface. As the ice starts to move, it plucks out bits of rock

What is rotational slip

Glaciers often develops in hollows on mountain sides. The hollow’s curved bottom allows glaciers to move in a circular motion

What is bulldozing

As the glacier descends downhill, it pushes soil and rocks and boulders forward

Why do glaciers deposit sediment

The mixture of material within the glacier is known as till. When the ice melts, till is deposited and forms landforms such as moraines and drumlins. Finer material is washed away (outwash) at the glacier front

What are corries

Snow accumulated in hollows and formed small glaciers. Through rotational slip, the ice moved, eroding the hollows and creating large valleys with steep back walls and shallow front lips

What are arétes

Two corries developed back-back go form a steep knife-edged ridge

What are pyramidal peaks

Three or more corries developed back-back to form a sharp peak

What are truncated spurs

As glaciers moved downhill with force they eroded most obstacles. Any interlocking spurs from old river valleys were cut away leaving cliff-like edges

What are glacial troughs

Ice moved through V-shaped valleys and eroded their sides and bottoms, forming wide, deep U-shaped valleys

What are ribbon lakes

At the bottom of glacial troughs, glaciers eroded soft rock faster than hard rock, creating long, thin hollows and lakes

What are hanging valleys

Small tributary glaciers that flowed into larger glaciers did not erode as deeply as the larger glaciers, creating hanging valleys

What is the characteristics and formations of erratics

Erratics are rocks that have been transported by a glacier some distance from their original location and deposited in an area with a completely differently rock type. Erratics can look out of place and may be deposited at unusual angles

What is the characteristics and formations of drumlins

Drumlins are egg-shaped, elongated hills composed of deposited material (till). They have a steep, rounded end facing up the valley and a gently sloping, tapered end facing down the valley. They are formed where deposited material is shaped by glaciers as they move down the valley

Name types of morraine

• Lateral

• Medial

• Terminal

• Ground

Ground Morraines

When a glacier melts, material within the glacier is deposited over a wide area of the valley floor

Terminal Morraines

Large semi-circular mounds of material bulldozed down the valley by the snout of the glacier. They mark the farthest point of glacial movements

Medial Morraines

A ridge of deposited material forms at the centre of the valley floor where two glaciers meet

Lateral Morraines

As material is eroded from the valley sides, long mounds of deposited material form at the sides of the glaciers

An example of an upland area in the UK affected by glaciation

Lake District

Major landforms of erosion and deposition for Lake District

Deposition- Ennerdale is an characterised by glacial deposition. Erratics were carried long distances by glaciers and deposited miles from their origin by meltwater.
Erosion- Valley head have corries with tarns, including Red Tarn in the steep, armchair-shaped corrie below Hellvelyn. Rotational erosion left a shallow lip at the front of Hellvelyn that, along with moraine deposits, dammed the water behind it to form a tarn

Tourism in Lake District

Provided business and jobs opportunities for local people. Beautiful landscape and lack of industry is attractive to tourists. Increased traffic congestion and noise can upset local residents. Increased footfall and development can damage natural habitats

Farming in Lake District

U-shaped valley bottoms are suitable for growing some fodder crops such as hay. The short, wet growing season has lots of rainfall, which is good for grass which sheep eat. Modern farm buildings can destroy natural landscape and conflicts can arise when farmers close pathways across their land to the public

Forestry in Lake District

It provided employment and brings money to the economy. Logging destroys ecosystems and disrupts wildlife. Logging areas may be closed to the public.

Quarrying in Lake District

Granite, slate and limestone are quarried in glaciated areas which is highly desired by many industries. Quarrying can destroy habitats

What are the tourist attractions in the Lake District

It has beautiful scenery, rugged mountains (Scafell Pike) and tranquil lakes (Windermere) attract over 18 million visitors a year. Its vast forests offer great opportunities for walking and birdwatching

What are the social impacts of tourism

The local residents can benefit from access to many tourists leisure facilities and some extra public transport routes in the main areas. Increased traffic often blocs the narrow winding roads to the M6

What are the environmental impact of tourism

Money from tourists can be used to conserve and protect areas of wildlife. The walkers erode footpaths causing damage to surrounding areas and discarded litter can be hazardous to birds and animals

What are the economic impacts of tourism

Tourism contributes over £1.466 billion a year to the local economy, supporting businesses and creating over 16,000 jobs but most jobs are seasonal or part time.

What are the strategies to manage the impact of tourism

Reducing traffic congestion- Nurture Lakeland launched the Drive Less See More campaign to encourage visitors to explore the area without a car.
Reducing Footpath Erosion- Footpaths are reinforced and rebuilt by Fix the Fell, backed by the National Trust