Second Semester Civics & Economics Review: Amendments, Court Cases, Animal Farm, and Market Forces

Which president signed the Civil Rights Act?

Lyndon B. Johnson.

What is the highest court in the US?

The Supreme Court.

What is the main part of the Constitution?

Articles I-III

What is our social contract with the US government?

The idea that citizens agree to follow laws and the government protects their rights.

What are the 'changes' to the Constitution called?

Amendments.

What article describes the legislative branch?

Article I.

What is the main job of the President?

To enforce and carry out laws.

What is the main job of Congress?

To make laws.

According to the 22nd Amendment, how long can a President serve for?

Two terms (maximum of 10 years if they finish part of a term plus two full terms).

How are federal and Supreme Court justices put into place?

They are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.

How long do federal and Supreme Court justices serve?

They serve for life, unless they resign, retire, or are removed.

What is a Supreme Court opinion?

The decision made written in a formal document.

What is a brief in legal terms?

The document handed to a judge before the trial that explains a side's argument.

What is a plea bargain?

An agreement in a criminal case where the defendant pleads guilty in exchange for a lighter punishment.

What is a bench trial?

A trial where a judge decides the case instead of a jury.

What is bail?

Money paid to release a defendant from jail while waiting for trial.

What is double jeopardy?

The rule that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime after being found not guilty.

What is a tort?

A civil wrong that causes harm or loss to another person.

What is a grand jury?

A group that decides whether there is enough evidence to charge someone with a crime.

Who was Martin Luther King Jr.?

A civil rights leader who promoted nonviolent protest to end racial segregation.

Who was Malcolm X?

A civil rights leader who initially supported Black empowerment and later shifted toward broader human rights.

Who was Medgar Evers?

A civil rights activist who worked to end segregation and was assassinated in 1963.

Who was Rosa Parks?

A civil rights activist who refused to give up her bus seat, helping spark the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Who was Linda Brown?

The student at the center of Brown v. Board of Education, which ended school segregation.

Who was Thurgood Marshall?

The first African American Supreme Court Justice and key lawyer in Brown v. Board.

What is the Voting Rights Act?

A law that outlawed discrimination in voting.

What is the Civil Rights Act?

A law that banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

What is scarcity?

The idea that resources are limited while human wants are unlimited.

What is original jurisdiction?

The power of a court to hear a case first.

What is appellate jurisdiction?

The power of a court to review a lower court's decision.

What does remand mean?

When a higher court sends a case back to a lower court for further action.

What is slander?

False spoken statements that harm a person's reputation.

What is libel?

False written or published statements that harm a person's reputation.

What is capital in business terms?

Money or resources used to start or run a business.

What is a recession?

A period when economic activity slows down.

What is inflation?

A rise in prices over time.

What is supply?

The amount of a product that is available for sale.

What is demand?

How much people want to buy a product.

What is stock?

A share of ownership in a company.

What is a market economy?

An economy where supply and demand decide prices and production.

What is a command economy?

An economy where the government makes most economic decisions.

What are the factors of production?

Land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship used to produce goods/services.

What is a commission?

A payment someone earns based on the amount of sales they make.

What is a sole proprietorship?

A business owned and run by one person.

What is a partnership?

A business owned by two or more people who share responsibility.

What is a corporation?

A business that is legally separate from its owners and can sell stock.

What is the significance of Marbury v. Madison?

It established judicial review, the power of courts to decide if laws are constitutional.

What was the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education?

It ruled segregation in public schools is unconstitutional.

What was upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson?

Segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

What did Gideon v. Wainwright guarantee?

The right to a lawyer in criminal cases.

What rights did In re Gault give juveniles?

Due process rights, including the right to a hearing and a lawyer.

What did Roper v. Simmons rule?

The death penalty cannot be used for crimes committed under age 18.

What did Miranda v. Arizona require?

Police to inform suspects of their rights before questioning.

What was decided in Tinker v. Des Moines?

Students have free speech rights in school as long as it does not disrupt learning.

What did TLO v. New Jersey allow?

School officials to search students with reasonable suspicion.

What did Board of Education v. Earls allow?

Drug testing for students in extracurricular activities.

How long do Supreme Court Justices serve?

They are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate; they serve for life as long as they have good behavior.

How many Supreme Court Justices are there?

9.

What types of cases do federal courts have jurisdiction over?

Cases involving federal laws, constitutional issues, disputes between states, and cases involving the U.S. government or foreign governments.

What type of laws do most criminal cases involve?

Criminal law (violations of laws made by the government).

When do appellate courts hear a case?

When someone appeals a lower court's decision.

What actions can an appellate court take after hearing a case?

They can affirm, reverse, or remand the case back to the lower court.

What types of cases does the Supreme Court usually hear?

Cases involving constitutional issues, important federal law questions, or disputes between states.

What are the 4 categories of civil law?

Contracts, property, family law, and torts.

How do most civil cases end?

Usually with a settlement or money damages.

How do most criminal cases end?

Usually with a plea bargain.

What message does Orwell convey in Animal Farm about dictatorships?

He shows that dictatorships often become corrupt and abusive, using the pigs' rise to power to represent how leaders can become like the oppressors they replaced.

What message does Orwell relay about education in Animal Farm?

That control of education leads to control of power, because the pigs use knowledge to manipulate the other animals.

How did the pigs use propaganda in Animal Farm?

They changed the rules, spread lies, and used slogans like 'Four legs good, two legs bad' to control the animals' thinking.

Why did the pigs change the name back to Manor Farm at the end of Animal Farm?

To show that they had become just like the humans they replaced.

What is the main economic problem that forces choices?

Scarcity.

What are the market forces in a market economy?

Supply and demand.

Why do companies sell stocks?

To raise money (capital) to grow and run the business.

What is one drawback to capitalism?

It can lead to income inequality.

What causes inflation?

When demand is higher than supply or too much money is in circulation.

What causes a recession?

When spending, production, and jobs decrease across the economy.

What are the three economic questions?

What to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce.

What type of economy does the US have?

A mixed economy (mostly market economy with some government control).

What are the 3 types of businesses?

Sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation.

What advice do people give when investing in the stock market?

Diversify investments, invest long-term, and don't panic sell.

How does increased supply affect prices?

Prices go down.

How does increased demand affect prices?

Prices go up.

What is capital in business?

Money or resources used to start or run a business.

Who does Napoleon represent in Animal Farm?

Joseph Stalin.

Who does Squealer represent in Animal Farm?

Propaganda.

Who does Snowball represent in Animal Farm?

Leon Trotsky.

Who does Boxer represent in Animal Farm?

The working class.

Who does Mollie represent in Animal Farm?

The bourgeoisie.

What do the dogs/puppies represent in Animal Farm?

The secret police.

Who does Moses represent in Animal Farm?

Religion.

Who does Benjamin represent in Animal Farm?

The skeptical intellectual.

Who does Mr. Jones represent in Animal Farm?

The last Tsar of Russia, Nicholas II.

Who does Mr. Frederick represent in Animal Farm?

Germany.

What is Manor Farm in Animal Farm?

The original name of the farm before the revolution.

What is Animal Farm in Animal Farm?

The name of the farm after the animals take over.

What is Pinchfield in Animal Farm?

Mr. Frederick's farm.

What is Foxwood in Animal Farm?

Mr. Pilkington's farm.

What does the windmill symbolize in Animal Farm?

The animals' labor and the promise of a better future.

What is the Night of the Executions in Animal Farm?

A mass execution of animals who confessed to crimes against Napoleon.

What is the Battle of the Cowshed in Animal Farm?

The battle where the humans try to retake the farm.