AP Psych Unit 7A

Solomon Shereshevskii

was a Russian journalist and only had to listen to people and didnt need to write notes down.

George Speling

conducted an experiment, giving participants a glimpse of 9 letters and then responded in a high, medium, or low tone right after showing the letters.

Alan Baddeley

________ and others elaborated on Atkinson and Shiffrins initial view of short- term memory as a small, brief storage space for recent thoughts and experience.

Adequate sleep

________ is a safe and free memory enhancer.

information processing model

likens human memory to computer operations.

basal ganglia

The ________ is a deep brain structures involved in motor movement,

Recognition

________: a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple- choice test.

Retrieval

________: the process of getting information out of memory storage.

Shallow Processing

________: encodes on an elementary level, such as a words letters or, at a more intermediate level, a words sound.

Emotional events

________ produce tunnel vision memory.

Mnemonics

________: ancient Greek scholars and orators developed ________ to help encode long passages and speeches.

multiple choice

Recognition a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a(n) ________ test.

Hippocampus

________: a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process.

Alzheimers

________ disease begins as difficulty remembering new information and progresses into an inability to do everyday tasks.

Memory

________: the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Richard Atkinson

________ and Richard Shiffrin proposed a three- stage model to explain memory- forming process.

specificity principle

The encoding ________ helps us understand how cues specific to an event or person will most effectively trigger that memory.

cerebellum

The ________ plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories.

response speed

Our ________ when recalling or recognizing information indicates memory strength, as does our speed at relearning.

Hierarchies

________: occurs when people have expertise in an area and process information into both chunks and ________ made of several broad concepts that are then divided into smaller concepts.

Automatic Processing

________: unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well- learned information, such as word meanings.

better long term

Distributed practice (not cramming) produces ________ recall.

George Miller

________ proposed that we can store around 7 pieces of information in short- term memory.

Explicit Memory

________: retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare ..

Emotional arousal

________ can sear certain events into the brain, while disrupting memory for irrelevant events.

Implicit Memory

________: retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.

Young adults

________ have a bigger mental capacity than children and older adults.

Cognitive neuroscientist

________ found that the hippocampus is similar to a "save "button for explicit memories.

memoryless memory

Priming is often "________- "invisible memory, without your conscious awareness.

Millers

________ magical number seven in psychologys contribution to the list of seven magical sevens.

Deep Processing

________: encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

Long Term Potentiation

________ (LTP): an increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory.

hippocampus

The ________ is one of the last brain structures to mature, and as it does, more gets retained.

Mnemonics

________: memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Emotions

________ trigger stress hormones that influence memory formation.

Recognition

________: identifying items previously learned.

Memory

________ is learning that persists over time; it is information that has been acquired and stored and can be retrieved.

Specificity Principle

Encoding ________: the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it.

Hippocampus

________ and frontal lobes are processing sites for your explicit memories.

Memory

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Recall

retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time

Recognition

identifying items previously learned

Relearning

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time

Recall

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Recognition

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Relearning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Encoding

the process of getting information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning

Storage

  the process of retaining encoded information over time

Retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Parallel Processing

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions

Sensory Memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Short-Term Memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten

Long-Term Memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Working Memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Atkinson and Shiffrins model focused on how we process our explicit memories

the facts and experiences that we can consciously know

Explicit Memory

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."

Effortful Processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Automatic Processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Implicit Memory

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

Iconic Memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Echoic Memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Chunking

Glance for a few seconds at the material

Mnemonics

 ancient Greek scholars and orators developed mnemonics to help encode long passages and speeches

Hierarchies

occurs when people have expertise in an area and process information into both chunks and hierarchies made of several broad concepts that are then divided into smaller concepts

Chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Spacing Effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Testing Effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Shallow Processing

encodes on an elementary level, such as a words letters or, at a more intermediate level, a words sound

Deep Processing

encodes semantically, based on the meaning of the words

Shallow Processing

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Deep Processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Semantic Memory

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is episodic memory)

Episodic Memory

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memory)

Hippocampus

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process

Memory Consolidation

the neural storage of a long-term memory

Flashbulb Memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

an increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

Priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Encoding Specificity Principle

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Mood-Congruent Memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood