molecular exam 1

purpose of nucleic acid tests

look for target, HLA, fraternity, abnormalities, Disease, treatment options/effectiveness

Advantages- high analytical and specificity, fast

Disad- user error, expensive, complex to troubleshoot

nitrogen bases

purines- a and g double ring

pyrimidines- c, t, u single

at or au 2 H bonds

cg 3 H bonds

pentose sugar

backbone of the ladder, and sides

dna

no oxygen, 1 less sugar- more stable, stores info of living things, makes things function, Watson and click discovered, Leading strand and lagging strand

rna

more degradable due to extra sugar and OH group- flexible, turns dna code and transfers info to amino acids for proteins, single stranded

nucleoside and tide

s- without the phosphate group, makes up tide

t- 3 parts: nit base, sugar, and phosphate group

nucleic acid structure

Tides linked by covalent phosphate bonds, 5-3 matches 3-5 anti parallel, nucleotides are always added to 3’ end, Synthesizes 5-3, Strands are held by H bonds, backbone is held by phospho coval bonds, 5 PO 3 OH,

mrna

carries info from dna in nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm

trna

brings amino acids to cytoplasm

rrna

forms core of ribosome where protein synthesis happens, translates gen info into proteins

repilation

dna poly before dna divides copies dna making identical copy

transcription

initiation elongation and termination

rna poly binds to promoter of dna unwinding and fork, builds rna strand to copy the genes onto, 5-3, stop signal releases rna poly, dna closes back up, Makes mrna

translation

rib moves along mrna building protein one amino acid at a time, 30s sub unit, mrna, trna, 50s join forming 70s subunit creating a factory

A-aminol acyl (arrival) site P- peptides site (parking lot) E- exit site

Trna starts at p site, new trna enters at A(arrival) site forming pep bond and building shifting 5-3, empty trna leaves as chain continues to grow while ape continues, stops at stop codon, 70s sub unit is released

central dogma

dna in nuc, rna poly transcription leads to mrna, moves to ribosome for translation creating protein in cytoplasm