Science- Enzymes

catalyst

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction

enzyme

special proteins that act as biological catalysts

digestive enzymes

focusing on substrate and breaking it down into smaller molecules

5 properties of enzymes

all proteins

all can be reused again

all are affected by ph

all are affected by temperature

each enzyme catalyses one reaction only

middle thing in between enzyme and substrate

active site

enzyme + substrate → enzymatic reaction → ?

enzyme + substrate → enzymatic reaction → Enzyme-substrate complex

optimum pH for enzymes

7-8

optimum temperature for enzymes

room temperature, 37C

is the active sites shape the same as the substrates shape

no, are described as complimentary

enzyme functions

break down larger molecules

build up smaller molecules into larger ones

convert smaller molecules into other molecules

what liquid is needed to break down biological molecules, and is part of the result of building larger molecules

water

denatured enzyme why?

too hot / wrong pH
note: too cold does not denature, it just makes it inactive

denature is irreversible?

YES
on structure, so the enzyme cannot catalyse a reaction

explain denature impact on enzyme functionality

wrong ph / too hot → enzyme structure decays → substrate unable to bind to new enzyme structure, active site messed up → cannot catalyse a reaction

factors that affects enzyme’

Temperature
pH
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration

IV is on Bottom or Right

Bottom

temperature graph explanation

Stage 1, temperature increases, enzyme activity increases
particles gain more kinetic energy as temperature increases
more likely to collide and form enzyme-substrate complex

Stage 2- at optimum temperature
enzyme works best

stage 3- temperature too high
enzyme lost its shape and denatures. it can no longer catalyse the reaction

do all enzymes have the same optimum pH

no

whats the level off called

plateau

lactose intolerance causes (explain)

people have a lactase deficiency, so the galactose does not get broken down, instead travelling down into the large intestine, where bacteria spread

Benedicts Test how

blue → green → orange → red/brick-red (red = a lot of reducing sugars)

Starch Test how?

iodine solution + mixture into dimple tile, positive = Blue-black/purple, negative = orange/brown