human anatomy Exam 1 final review

Cell

basic living unit of body

Cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer barrier controlling entry and exit

Cytosol

fluid inside cell where organelles sit

Organelle

specialized structure performing cell function

Inclusions

nonliving stored materials inside cytoplasm

Diffusion

movement of particles from high to low concentration

Osmosis

movement of water across membrane toward higher solute concentration

Semipermeable membrane

membrane allowing some substances through but not others

Hypertonic

higher solute concentration outside cell causing water to leave cell

Hypotonic

lower solute concentration outside cell causing water to enter cell

Isotonic

equal solute concentration no net water movement

Passive transport

movement without energy use

Simple diffusion

movement of small nonpolar molecules across membrane

Facilitated diffusion

movement through carrier or channel proteins

Mitochondria

ATP production site of cell energy

Ribosomes

protein synthesis site

Rough ER

protein and lipid synthesis with ribosomes attached

Smooth ER

lipid synthesis detoxification

Golgi apparatus

modifies packages and ships proteins

Lysosomes

digestive enzyme organelles

Peroxisomes

detoxify harmful substances

Cytoskeleton

structural support and movement network

Microvilli

increase surface area for absorption

Cilia

movement of fluid across cell surface

Flagella

long tail structure for cell movement

Nucleus

control center containing DNA

Nucleolus

makes ribosomes

Chromatin

DNA and protein complex forming genetic material

Cell cycle

life cycle of cell growth and division

Interphase

growth and DNA replication stage

G1 phase

cell growth and normal function

S phase

DNA replication occurs

G2 phase

preparation for mitosis

Mitosis

nuclear division producing identical cells

Cytokinesis

cytoplasm division into two daughter cells

Prophase

chromosomes condense and spindle forms

Metaphase

chromosomes align in center

Anaphase

chromatids separate to opposite poles

Telophase

nuclei reform and chromosomes relax

Epithelial tissue

covering lining and gland tissue

Connective tissue

support binding and protection

Muscle tissue

movement through contraction

Nervous tissue

communication via electrical signals

Cell junctions

connections between epithelial cells

Tight junction

seals cells together

Desmosome

strong attachment between cells

Gap junction

communication channels between cells

Simple epithelium

one layer of cells

Stratified epithelium

multiple layers of cells

Squamous

flat cell shape

Cuboidal

cube-shaped cells

Columnar

tall rectangular cells

Pseudostratified

looks layered but is one layer

Simple squamous

diffusion filtration lining lungs and vessels

Simple cuboidal

secretion and absorption in glands and kidneys

Simple columnar

absorption and secretion in digestive tract

Stratified squamous

protection from abrasion

Transitional epithelium

stretches in urinary organs

Endocrine glands

release hormones into blood no ducts

Exocrine glands

release secretions through ducts

Merocrine

secretion via exocytosis sweat glands

Apocrine

secretion via part of cell pinching off

Holocrine

secretion via entire cell bursting

Sebaceous glands

oil producing skin glands

Sudoriferous glands

sweat producing glands

Fibroblasts

produce fibers and matrix

Macrophages

immune phagocytic cells

Mast cells

inflammation and immune response

Adipocytes

fat storage cells

Leukocytes

white blood cells

Collagen fibers

strong tensile fibers

Elastic fibers

stretch and recoil fibers

Reticular fibers

support network fibers

Areolar tissue

loose packing support tissue

Adipose tissue

fat storage insulation energy

Reticular tissue

support framework of organs

Dense regular connective tissue

strong parallel fibers tendons and ligaments

Dense irregular connective tissue

fibers in many directions strength

Elastic connective tissue

stretch and recoil arteries and lungs

Cartilage

flexible supportive connective tissue

Hyaline cartilage

smooth flexible support

Fibrocartilage

strongest cartilage shock absorption

Elastic cartilage

flexible shape support ear and epiglottis

Bone tissue

hard supportive connective tissue

Blood

liquid connective tissue transport and defense

Epidermis

outer avascular skin layer

Dermis

connective tissue vascular skin layer

Hypodermis

fat layer insulation

Keratinization

process of keratin hardening skin cells

Melanin

skin pigment UV protection

Carotene

yellow pigment in skin

Hemoglobin

red blood pigment affecting skin tone

Thermoregulation

body temperature control

Vitamin D synthesis

UV skin reaction producing vitamin D

Cutaneous sensation

skin sensory input

Stratum basale

basal stem cell layer of epidermis

Stratum corneum

dead outer protective layer