Animal Form and Function

body plan

the general structure, arrangment of organ systems, and integrated functioning of parts

radial symmetry

body plan where information is from all sides

bilateral symmetry

body plan that is cephalized, information gathering organs at anterior end

acoelomates

organisms that lack a fluid filled body cavity (coelom) where space between gut and body wall is filled with mesenchyme cells and muscles form in the mesoderm. Locomotion by cilia.

pseudocoelomates

organisms that have a fluid filled space in which organs are suspended and muscles are on the outside and locomotion and movement is by muscle contraction

coelomates

organisms where the body cavity is coelom that develops within the mesoderms and it lined with layer of muscle tissue called peritoneum, which covers organs and allows control over fluids

ectoderm

tissue layer that forms nervous system/epidermal layer

mesoderm

tissue layer that contributes tissues to many organs, muscle, and bone, and other connective tissues

endoderm

tissue layer that gives rise to the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, and several organs

totipotent

the potential to develop into all cell types (only in zygote and morula in animals and all living unucleated cells in plants)

pluripotent

the potential to develop into most other cell types but not form new embryos

multipotent

the potential to differentiate into several related cell types

unipotent

the potential to produce their own cell type

segmentation

facilitates specialization of body regions and allows animal to alter body shape and control movement precisely, can be internal or external

locomotion

limbs are specialized for rapid, controlled movements

hydrostatic skeletons

skeletons that use combination of muscle contraction and fluid for movement and locomotion

endoskeleton

skeleton of bone, mostly calcium phosphate that is inside organism for structural support and muscle is attached to outside of skeleton for movement/locomotion

exoskeleton

skeleton of chitin or calcium carbonate outside the organism for protection and support, muscle attachment within skeleton for movement, locomotion, and protection

gap junctions

structures in animal cells that are connections between two cells for quick transport

neurons

cells in nervous tissue that transport information via electrical signals

glia

cells in nervous tissue that act as support

epithelial tissue

tissue that covers outside of organism and lines inner surface organs

simple epithelium

kind of epithetial tissue that is a single layer used for absorption

stratified epithelium

kind of epithetial tissue that has many layers and acts as protection

connective tissue

cells dispersed in a secreted extracellular matrix of extracellular fibers and other materials

loose connective tissue

connective tissue that holds tissue loosely (often covers organs)

dense connective tissue

connective tissue that holds tissue tightly (such as a tendon)

supporting connective tissue

connective tissue that is firm and supportive such a cartilage or bone

bone

connective tissue where matrix consists of hardened calcium phosphate

fluid connective tissue

tissue such as blood that is very liquid (plasma)

muscle tissue

tissue that consists of elongated cells that generates force and causes movement with actin and myosin

skeletal

kind of muscle tissue that attaches to skeletal structures and moves them with cells called muscle fibers that are large and multinucleate and have several myofibrils (myosin and actin)

cardiac

kind of muscle tissue that is in the heart and pumps blood

smooth

kind of muscle tissue that lines the digestive tract and blood vessels and has one nuclei and is unstriated