Unit 5, Lesson 5: Intelligence and Problem Solving

Comprehensive flashcards covering the historical figures, theories, measurements, and biases associated with intelligence testing as presented in Unit 5, Lesson 5.

Francis Galton

An early psychological researcher in intelligence and the founder of the damaging faux science of eugenics.

Eugenics

Defined by Galton as the science of improving stock through judicious mating and giving suitable races a better chance of prevailing over less suitable ones.

Alfred Binet

The creator of the first IQ test who measured someone's intelligence based on their mental age.

Feebleminded

A historical label used to identify individuals considered unintelligent, often leading to institutionalization in idiot schools or forced sterilization.

Buck v. Bell

A Supreme Court case that ruled forced sterilization was lawful, stating that society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind.

Charles Spearman

A theorist who proposed that there is one general intelligence, known as $g$, that we all possess.

General Intelligence ($g$)

Spearman's theory that individuals have one overarching type of intelligence that can be measured on a test, similar to being generally athletic.

Howard Gardner

Theorized that there are eight different types of intelligence and that individuals possess varying levels of skill in each.

Spatial Intelligence

One of Gardner's multiple intelligences involving skills related to art, shapes, and design.

Musical Intelligence

One of Gardner's multiple intelligences involving beat, rhythm, dancing, and pitch.

Logical-Reasoning Intelligence

One of Gardner's multiple intelligences involving making arguments and performing analysis.

Interpersonal Intelligence

One of Gardner's multiple intelligences involving the ability to read other people and communicate effectively.

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

One of Gardner's multiple intelligences involving athletics and physical awareness.

Linguistic Intelligence

One of Gardner's multiple intelligences involving skills in speaking and writing.

Intrapersonal Intelligence

One of Gardner's multiple intelligences involving an understanding of oneself.

Naturalist Intelligence

One of Gardner's multiple intelligences involving perceiving and understanding nature.

Robert Sternberg

Theorist who proposed the Triarchic Theory, which defines three types of connected intelligence.

Analytical Intelligence

A component of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory involving the application of mental steps and knowledge to solve problems.

Creative Intelligence

A component of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory involving reflecting on experience to build powerful insights.

Practical Intelligence

A component of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory involving reacting and adapting to complex situations in everyday life.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Formula

$$IQ = \frac{\text{Mental Age}}{\text{Actual Age}} \times 100$$

Lewis Terman

Created the Stanford-Binet Test, adapting the IQ test for older people and scoring based on standard deviation from the mean.

David Wechsler

Created the most commonly used modern IQ tests, including the WAIS and WISC, which utilize various subtests like vocabulary and visual processing.

Intellectual Disability (ID)

A label given to individuals who achieve an IQ score below $70$.

Gifted

A label given to individuals who achieve an IQ score above $130$.

Savant Syndrome

A condition where an individual scores very low on IQ tests but possesses a specific talent or skill that is well above average.

Flynn Effect

The phenomenon where scores on IQ tests have regularly risen over time.

Abstract Reasoning

A measure of an individual's ability to notice patterns in shapes and spatial relationships.

Verbal Reasoning

A measure of an individual's ability to notice patterns and logical relationships in language.

Crystallized Intelligence

The intelligence of knowing facts and information based on past experience.

Fluid Intelligence

The intelligence associated with being able to plan, solve problems, and continually learn.

Speed of Processing

The speed at which an individual can take in information and solve a problem, often measured by the quantity of questions answered in a given time.

Culturally Biased Questions

Questions on intelligence tests that measure cultural background and upbringing rather than innate intelligence.

Stereotype Threat

A phenomenon where being reminded of a marginalized identity correlates with lower scores for groups stereotyped as being bad at a particular skill.