Alterations in Sensory Perception: Pathophysiology I

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering hearing and visual impairment disorders, their pathophysiology, etiology, and clinical manifestations.

Conductive Hearing Impairment

A type of hearing loss that occurs when sound cannot reach the cochlea, often due to cerumen impaction or foreign body occlusion.

Sensorineural Hearing Impairment

Hearing loss where the mechanism is disturbed in the inner ear in the cochlea or vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain.

Otosclerosis

A condition occurring most frequently in middle-aged Caucasian women involving stapedial fixation and spongelike bony lesions around the ossicles of the middle ear.

Ototoxicity

Iatrogenic sensorineural hearing loss resulting from drug toxicity, including aminoglycoside antibiotics, salicylates, quinine, and cytotoxic antineoplastics.

Temporary threshold shift

The first phase of the two phases involving the pathogenesis of sensorineural hearing impairment caused by trauma and repeated exposure to loud noise.

Permanent threshold shift

The second phase in the pathogenesis of trauma-induced sensorineural hearing impairment caused by loud noise exposure.

Presbycusis

Gradual onset, bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment associated with age, involving sensory atrophy and loss of neurons.

Meniere’s Disease

An idiopathic disorder involving the accumulation of endolymph leading to distention and potential rupture of the scala media.

Acute Otitis Media

Inflammation of the inner ear characterized by Eustachian tube blockage, fluid accumulation behind the tympanic membrane, and sudden ear pain.

Chronic Otitis Media

Inflammation lasting longer than $12$ weeks that results in atrophy of the tympanic membrane and calcification of the ossicles.

Myopia

An error of refraction caused by elongation of the eye, commonly known as being near sighted.

Hyperopia

An error of refraction caused by shortening of the eye, commonly known as being far sighted.

Presbyopia

The loss of accommodation in the eye, often associated with age-related changes.

Astigmatism

A visual impairment caused by irregular distortion of the cornea or lens.

Strabismus

An age-related disorder characterized by ocular misalignment and the failure of the eyes to focus simultaneously.

Amblyopia

Poor visual acuity in the absence of organic causes, often occurring when optical structures remain normal but visual development is interrupted.

Cataracts

Opacity of the lens resulting in clouding, decreased vision, and altered color perception.

Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Retinal degeneration resulting in the painless loss of central vision, categorized into 'dry' (cellular debris) or 'wet' (fluid accumulation) types.

Retinal Detachment

A condition where the retina tears and fluid gets behind it, causing floating spots and loss of vision.

Diabetic Retinopathy

Visual impairment caused by long-term high blood glucose levels, leading to vessel weakness and abnormal vessel growth.

Open-Angle Glaucoma

Condition caused by a slow increase in intraocular pressure and gradual loss of vision, often manifesting clinically as halos.

Angle-Closure Glaucoma

An abnormality where the angle narrows and blocks the outflow of aqueous humor, resulting in brow pain and headaches.