Second half of WHAP

What major religion emerged during the period leading up to 600-1450?

Islam

What significant event in China during this period is known for its industrial advancements?

Industrial Revolution in China (Sung dynasty)

What philosophical movement spread in China, combining Confucianism and Buddhism?

Neo-Confucianism

What was the major schism in Christianity that occurred during this period?

The division between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity over the issue of icons.

What was the impact of camels in the Sahara during this period?

Increased trade across the Sahara.

What catastrophic event significantly affected Europe's population and economy during this period?

The Black Death

What cultural movement began in Italy and marked the dominance of Europe in culture?

The Italian Renaissance

What political system characterized the Tang Dynasty?

A merit-based bureaucracy.

What was the Caliphate system?

A political and religious system where the leader was both a religious and political authority.

What was feudalism?

A political system structured as King; Lords; Knights; Peasants.

What was the significance of the Byzantine Empire during this period?

It remained a major factor in holding diverse groups of people together.

What were the Viking raids, and what impact did they have on Europe?

They challenged Europeans to improve protection and led to the development of European feudalism.

What were the Crusades, and what was their impact?

They involved Europeans traveling to the Holy Land, creating a desire for Eastern goods and leading to exploration.

Who was Genghis Khan?

The leader who unified the Mongol clans and established the largest empire in history.

What was the Pax Mongolica?

A period of peace established by the Mongols that facilitated trade and cultural exchange.

What role did Islam play as a cultural force in Eurasia and Africa?

It served as a unifying cultural and economic force through shared religion, language, and art.

What is Sharia?

Islamic law that is part of the political structure of the Caliphate.

What are some notable achievements in Islamic arts and sciences?

Geometric art, miniature painting, poetry, advancements in astronomy, and medical treatises.

What was the significance of the Trans-Sahara trade?

It facilitated the exchange of gold, ivory, and slaves, and helped spread Islam in West Africa.

What was traded along the Indian Ocean trade routes?

Slaves, ivory, gold, iron, porcelain, pottery, and cloth.

What was the Silk Road known for?

It was a major trade route that facilitated the exchange of silks, porcelain, and the spread of Buddhism and Christianity.

What was the impact of Mongol rule on trade?

It improved trade throughout Asia and Eastern Europe and introduced paper money and banking.

What was the Mongol's initial movement driven by?

The search for new pastures for their herds, likely caused by severe drought.

How did Genghis Khan organize his military?

He organized his warriors into armies of 10,000, grouped into smaller units for effective command.

What tactics did Genghis Khan use in warfare?

Surprise tactics, including fake retreats and sophisticated weaponry like catapults.

What event marked the halt of Mongol expansion into Europe?

The death of Ogodai, the son of Genghis Khan.

Which armies contained the Mongols in Islamic lands?

The Mamluk armies of Egypt.

What year did the Mamluk armies defeat the Mongols?

1260.

What political organization did Genghis Khan's descendants form?

Four Khanates.

What was the role of the 'Great Khan' in the Mongol Empire?

The ruler of the original empire in Central Asia.

What was one consequence of the Mongol invasions on trade routes?

The disruptions led to the eventual recovery and organization of trade routes.

How did the Mongols treat conquered peoples?

They generally extracted tribute and allowed many customs to be retained.

What significant agricultural advancement occurred during the Tang and Song dynasties?

The introduction of fast-ripening rice from Vietnam.

What was the population of China around 600 C.E.?

About 45 million.

What was the population of China by 1200 during the Song Dynasty?

About 115 million.

What major infrastructure improved food distribution in China?

The Grand Canal and a network of roads.

What was the significance of the Tang capital Xi'an?

It was probably the largest city in the world with a population of about 2,000,000.

What technological innovations were developed during the Tang and Song dynasties?

Gunpowder, movable type printing, and the magnetic compass.

What financial invention emerged due to the scarcity of copper?

Paper money.

What was 'flying cash' in the context of Chinese trade?

Letters of credit allowing merchants to deposit money in one location and access it in another.

How did Japan respond to Chinese influence during the Tang dynasty?

Japan copied Tang government, architecture, and Buddhism, but did not adopt foot binding.

What philosophical development reconciled Confucianism with Buddhism?

Neo-Confucianism.

What was the main form of government and defense that arose in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire?

Feudalism.

What was the role of the Pope in post-Roman Empire Europe?

The Pope became the ultimate religious authority.

What significant division occurred in Christendom in 1054?

The split into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches.

What was the impact of the Crusades on European kings?

Many kings started becoming powerful as they supported the Pope's call for Crusades.

What was the Mongol leader Hulegu's decision regarding further expansion?

He decided not to press for further expansion after initial conquests.

What was a key feature of urbanization during the Tang and Song dynasties?

Established cities grew and new ones were created due to agricultural success.

What was a major agricultural technique improvement during the Tang dynasty?

The use of heavy iron plows and water buffaloes for farming.

What was the significance of porcelain production during the Tang and Song dynasties?

Chinese porcelain became highly valued and was traded widely.

What was the relationship between the Mongol khans after their empire was established?

They were spread great distances apart and soon lost contact with one another.

What was the primary agricultural product that allowed for increased production during the Tang and Song dynasties?

Rice.

What two major churches emerged after the schism?

Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic.

Who continued to be the head of the Roman Catholic Church after the schism?

The Pope, selected by the cardinals.

Who selected the patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church?

The Byzantine emperor.

What was a key economic activity of the Maya civilization?

Agricultural trade and craftwork in jade.

What were two significant cultural contributions of the Maya?

Mathematics and astronomy.

What political structure did the Maya civilization have?

City-states with a patriarchal system.

What were some reasons for the collapse of the Maya civilization?

Environmental overuse of resources and warfare.

What was the capital of the Aztec civilization?

Tenochtitlan.

What was a key economic activity of the Aztecs?

Mercenaries and trade.

What social structure characterized the Aztec civilization?

A rigid class system and patriarchy.

What was a significant health issue for the Aztecs upon contact with Europeans?

Lack of immunity to Afro-Eurasian diseases like smallpox.

What record-keeping system did the Inca civilization use?

Quipu.

What were the main agricultural products of the Inca civilization?

Potatoes, quinoa, and guinea pigs.

What was a major consequence of nomadic migrations in Afro-Eurasia?

Unified political units and spread of religion.

What impact did the Turks have on the Byzantine Empire?

They defeated the Byzantine Empire and took Jerusalem.

What was a major consequence of the plague pandemics in the 14th century?

Killed up to 30% of the population and caused major economic changes.

What role did cities like Timbuktu and Venice play during this period?

Centers of trade, education, and cultural diffusion.

What were the issues involved in using cultural areas as units of analysis?

Cultural areas cross state boundaries and allow for studying broader cultural patterns.

What was the main difference between nomadic migrations and urban growth?

Nomadic migrations often led to political instability, while urban growth led to increased agriculture.

What were the main features of Japanese feudalism?

Emperor as figurehead, shogun as real power, and hereditary rulers.

What characterized European feudalism?

Kings and queens with hereditary rulers and a vassal system.

What were the contributions of Marco Polo to European knowledge?

He traveled to China and documented his experiences, which were compiled into a popular book.

Who was Ibn Battuta and what did he contribute?

A Moroccan legal scholar who traveled extensively and wrote detailed accounts of Islamic Empires.

What was a common pattern regarding elite women during this period?

Many women gained rights to manage dowries and households.

What was the impact of the Vikings on Europe?

They raided and pillaged, leading to Europeans seeking better protection methods.

What was the significance of trade networks established by nomadic peoples?

They facilitated the spread of culture and religion across regions.