Bio 211 Red Terms Rest of 15-16

troph

to nurish

chemo

chemical

photo

light

auto

inorganic

hereto

organic

Obligate Aerobe

need oxygen to respirate and produce ATP

Obligate Anaerobe

use other chemicals to make ATP and oxygen is harmful to them

Facultative Anaerobes

alternate between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the environment

extremophiles

things that live in extreme environments

thermophilic

LOVE hot places

acidophilic

love low PH places

Methanogens

generate methane

halophiles

LOVES salt

Bacteriorhodopsin

another way that archaea trap light energy via sunlight to push protons

Why are prokaryotes important?

1) Important and 3 main cycles on either (carbon, nitrogen and sulfur)

2) Important in symbiotic relationships

Symbiosis

interactions between 2 organisms (and usually take advantage of one another)

What are the main components of a virus?

1) not cellular and cannot replicate without living cells

2)hijack other cells DNA replication process

What are the two components of a virus?

Bacteriophage and capsid

Bacteriophage

A type of virus that infects bacteria

Capsid

shell of protein outside of the cell with genomes made of DNA or RNA (both single and double)

Lytic Cycle

viral cycle that leads to the destruction of the host cell, by injecting the virus into the host cell directly

Lysogenic

viral cycle that is injected into a host cell and automatically fuses with the cell DNA, asexually duplicating, DOES NOT KILL HOST CELL

When did eukaryotes originate?

1.8 bya

How did eukaryotes evolve from prokaryotes?

1) Gaining a flexible cell surface

2) Cytoskeleton (supports the cell)

3) Nuclear Envelope (membrane around the cell)

4) Organelles

The Protobacteria clade formed into 1 to become mitochondria how many times?

ONCE

Protists

all eukaryotes that ARE NOT plants, animals, and fungi

Diplontic Life Cycle

where the organism is mostly a diploid cell until sexually mature and then will reproduce sexually

Haplontic Life Cycle

cell mostly in the haploid stage, then produces gametes via mitosis

Why are protists important?

-primary producers

-important in endosymbionts

-human pathogens

Primary producers

produce organic compounds

What are the major clades of Protists?

Archaeplastida, Excavata, and SAR Clade

Archaeplastida

plastid derived from endosymbiosis

Excavata

all unicellular with empty space for feeding space

SAR Clade

Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians, extremely large and diverse, responsbile for 20% of photosynthesis on earth

hydrogenosomes

Reduced mitochondria in parabaslids