Infant and Child Development Final

What is piaget’s theory of cognitive development:

• preoperational stage (3)

This is ages 2-7

• children begin to interlize images, use language and symbols

• Egocentrinism: a child begins to distinguish between their own perspective and another person’s perspective

• Animism: a child tends to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects

What is deferred imitation in toddlerhood

1. Definition

2. What did Piaget say vs truth

3. Why does this happen

• a child’s ability to repeat actions observed earlier

• Piaget suggest that happens at abt 18 months when in fact i happens as early as 6 weeks

• This happens bc of maturation of hippocampus in toddlerhood, which is responsible for long term memory encoding and recall

What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development ?

Specifically, what is the zone of proximal development aka ZPD.

the zone of proximal development is the degree of competence and guidance. this describes what a learner can do entirely on their own and why they simply cannot do, even if they do receive some sort of help.

The upper limit means one is dependent.

the lower limit means one is independent.

what is empathy

emapthy is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another persons distress, it develops with a sense of self-awareness. toddlers begin to develop this primary emotions.

within language development, what is overextension

over extension is when a single word will repersent a variety of related objects

for example all 4 legged animals are dogs and all men are dads

within language development with toddlers what is underextension

this is when one applies a general word to a specific object.

for example a kitty becomes a toddlers pet only, or a blankie is the childs blanket only.

within language development with toddlers what is holophrase

holophrases are when toddlers use single words with thier own mutliple meanings.

for example:

up= pick me up

juice= i want juice

when we talk about lagnuage development such as holophrases, overextensions ander underextentions age what age does this usually occur

this usually occurs from 12-18 months

what is overregularizaiton, and when does this occur

this is when a child applies grammatical rules to everything, even exceptions

examples include adding “Ed” or “s” to words such as bringed, foots.

This occurs usually 24-36 months in a child’s toddlerhood.

• at this stage there is diminished frequency of overextension and underextension.

what is red spot/rouge experiment

The Mirror Test (often called the Rouge Test or Red Spot Experiment) is a classic behavioral study used in psychology and ethology to determine whether an animal or a human infant possesses the capacity for visual self-recognition.

the way it works:

• The subject (a child or animal) spends some time playing in front of a mirror to get used to how it works.

• The Secret Mark: While the subject is distracted or asleep, a researcher puts a dot of red makeup on their face (usually the forehead or nose).

• The Reflection: The subject wakes up and looks into the mirror again.

• The Reaction: * If they touch the mirror, they think the reflection is someone else.

  • If they touch their own face, they recognize that the reflection is themselves.

what are the limitations of the biological view of gender identity

1. not all aspects of gender development can be descirved by biology

2. gender roles have changed drastically

3. gender differences may distort judegements as to what qualities one is capable of acheiving

4. much variability, meaning theres must more than just 2 genders

what is secondary attatchment

in traditional cultures and non traditional cultures toddlers tend to show attatchment to older siblings, the older siblings provide some sort of emotional comfort and security if the primary care is not there.

what are the different types of play:

this pattern has identified distinct stages of play as a toddler grows

1. unoccupied: a child is observing environment, doesn’t actually play w sum

2. solitary: independent play. children play alone with their toys and shows no interest in what others are doing (ages 2-3)

3. onlooker: toddler watches other children play but does not join, they will ask questions but not play

4. parallel play: children play next to each other with toys but do not play with each other

5. associative play: children begin playing with each other but no goal in mind

6. cooperative play: children work together towards a common goal

importance of frontal lobe growth in early

the growth of the brain, particularly the front love is important, because it is a very rapid growth than the rest of the body. Front lobe growth allows for increased dendritic connections and increased myelination, and it underlies advances in emotional regulation, foresight, and planned behavior.

what is infantile amnesia

this is the inability to remember anything that happened prior to ages 2yo-4yo

what is project head start

this is a program that focuses on congitive development for students with the potential for poor academic outcomes. It started in 1965

Project Head Start is a federally funded program in the United States designed to provide comprehensive early childhood education, health, and nutrition services to low-income children and their families.

• there is a boost in IQ but goes away after 2-3 years

• childrens are less likely to repeat a grade

• effects depend on quality of the program

within language what is pragmatics?

this is the social rules of language. its what is good to say and what is not good to say in a social situation. Learning pragamatics begins by age 4 where children learn to adjust speech and learn manners. culture difference can effect this, and by middle childhood most know what they can say and what the shouldnt say

within emotional self regulation with early childhood, what is over control and what is under control

undercontrol is when a child externalizes problems which occurs with boys

overcontrol is when a child internalizes problems usually girls.

• varies by culture

what are the parenting styles of baumrind, and what are its descriptions

he did research with middle class white children in the 1960s. parenting styles were described in terms of demandingness(control) and responsiveness(warmth)

• Authoratative: high demand high response (parents set boundaries but are loving and communicative)

• authoritarian: high demand low response (boundaries but strict obedience and punishment rather then love)

• permissive: low demand high response (loving but no discipline)

• disengaged: low demand and low response (provides basic needs but emotionally detached)

how does each parental style then effect a child later on in life (4)

authoritative: child is independent, creative, self assured, socially skilled

authoritarian: child is dependent, passive and conforming

permissive: child is irresponsible immature and conforming

disengaged: early sex, drug use, impulsive, behavioral problems.

what is gender idenity in early childhood

ages 3-4 grender idenity intesifies

age 6-7 gender constancy is obtained and usually want to maintain gender roles.

• parents and peers play a huge role in gender roles

what is gender socialization in early childhood

gender socialization leads to gender schemes. beahviors and activies categorized as male or female.

process by which individuals learn the values, attitudes, behaviors, and roles that their society considers "appropriate" for their biological sex.

what is self socialization

the process where you teach yourself how to fit in.

Instead of your parents or teachers telling you what to do, you are the one making the decisions based on who you think you are.

what are gender schemes

Think of a Gender Schema as a mental filter or a sorting game in a child’s brain.

Once a child learns there are "boys" and "girls," they start sorting everything in the world into those two categories to make sense of things.

what is child maltreatment (3)

anytype of abuse: physical, emotional, sexual, neglect

• children risk factors include: aggressiveness, overly active

• parent risk: poverty, unemployment, single mother

• children removal: (traditional) relatives (nontraditional) foster care, group homes

how does the dyanmics of play change through out early childhood

there are benefits such as exercise, sharpening skills, learning, increased sex segregation

• As children grow, their play shifts from exploration (figuring out what an object is) to imagination (figuring out what an object can become) and finally to socialization (working with others).

what are the 5 types of aggression

1. instrumental aggression: a child wants something and uses aggression to get it

2. hostile aggression: signs of anger and harm

3. relational aggression: involves damaging another person’s reputation

4. physical aggression: tends to decline after first year early childhood

5. verbal and relational aggression increase over childhood

what is obesity in middle childhood

• increase in weight, BMI due to diet, digital viewing and genetics. US has higher rates of obesity then other western countries. Diets are high in suga/fat.

what is asthma

chronic illness of lungs characterized by wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath. triggers include cold weather, exercise, illness, allergies and stress

• highest risk: boys

• air pollution can also be a biggest contributor

what is selective attention

when a child in middle childhood is able to better focus on relevant things and disregard irrelavant information.

what is ADHD

children who have difficulty maintanin attention

• stands for attention deficit, and hyperactivity disorder

• this leads to inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity. Boys are more likely to be disagnosed. Can cause problems with peers, teahers and parents.

• are medications that could help such as Ritalin.

What is IQ

being able to test a childs capacity for acquiring knowledge, reasoning and solving problems. The most common is Wechsler IQ which is given ages 6-16, and is a good indicator of school performance,but only measures one type of intelligence.

how does genetics impact IQ scores

Genes set your potential range for intelligence, acting like a "floor and ceiling" for your IQ. While they account for about 50% to 70% of the variation in adults, they don't work alone; your environment—like education and nutrition—determines exactly where you land within that range. Essentially, your DNA provides the raw blueprint, but your life experiences build the house.

what are the ranges of IQ

• normal/average

• people below nromal

• people above average

normal=100

below normal = under 70

above normal= 130

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

the closer the genetic relationship, the higher or lower the correlation in IQ

the higher

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

Gardner’s theory suggests that intelligence isn't a single "IQ score" but a collection of eight different ways people process information, such as musical, social, or physical skills.

what are the nine intelligences

1. linguistic

2. muscial

3. existential

4. logical/mathematical

5. bodily kinesthetic

6. interpersonal

7. spatial

8. naturalist

9. intrapersonal

Difference between self-concept at ages 5-8 and age 9

5-8: “ i am a boy, i am tall, i like to play soccer” concrete characteristics

age 9+: include “i am friendly, i am nice, i am smart” internal characteristics

Strongest predictor of self-esteem in middle childhood

• physical appearance strongest predictor of self esteem during middle childhood

Family process and divorce

if quality of relationships between family members is good (the family process), children have minimal problems.

children responses to divorce (4)

1. externalizaing behavior, having conudct issues, conflcit with other family members, impulsivity

2. internalizing issues: depression, anxiety, phobias, and sleep disturbances

3. children can blame themselves for the divorce

4. low point occurs about one year after divorce.

explain each of these of piagets theory of cognitive development

• Preoperational stages

pre-operational: thinking becomes representational, the child internalizes images, uses language and symbols. there are limitations in performing mental operations.

what is conservation in pre operational

conservation is when the amount of physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes. due to centration and lack of reversibility

• conservation is the understanding that the amount of something (like liquid, weight, or number) stays the same even if its appearance or shape changes.

what is centration in pre-operational

Centration is the tendency to "center" or focus on only one part of a situation while ignoring everything else

what is animism in the pre-operational stage

Animism is the belief that non-living things have feelings and intentions, just like people do. Children assume everything in the world feels exactly like they do. They haven't learned the difference between "living" (like a puppy) and "non-living" (like a rock) yet.

what is egocentric thinking in pre-operational stage

Egocentrism means a child thinks everyone sees, hears, and feels exactly what they do. They aren't being "self-centered" or "mean." Their brain just hasn't learned yet that other people have a different "view" of the world.

what is the theory of mind

Theory of Mind is the "lightbulb moment" when a child realizes that other people have their own private thoughts that might be different from theirs. It is the opposite of egocentrism. Instead of thinking everyone knows what they know, the child realizes: "I know something you don't know."

what is seriation

Seriation is the ability to arrange items in a specific order based on a measurable dimension, such as height, weight, length, or number.

what is classification

Classification is the ability to group objects together based on shared characteristics, such as color, shape, size, or type.

what is irreversibility

Irreversibility is the thinking that once something changes, it can never go back to the way it was. Young children see life like a movie that can only play forward, never rewind. If something changes shape or order, they can’t "undo" it in their heads to see that it’s actually still the same.

what is the criticism of piaget’s theory

1. kids are smarter then he thought

2. he ignored teachers and culture

3. development is not a staircase meaning, piaget saw development, it is more of a steady slope

4. adults are not always logical

5. biased research on his own children

describe these three theories of eriksons theory of development :

1. autonomy vs shame and doubt

2. initiative vs guilt

3. industry vs inferiority

1. independence, can the child do it alone ages 1-3

2. Power and purpose. Can the child lead things, feeling capable. Or are they seen as being annoying and powerless ages 3-6

3. skill building. can hte child do well in sports and feel porud. Or do they feel inferior to their peers (ages 6-12).

list the 10 types of adverse childhood experiences