PSY 350 Exam 3 - William, Purdue

Personality Disorder

a reflection of a “pervasive pattern of ‘inner experience and behaviors’ that is deviant from a person’s cultural norms”

Personality Disorders: Cluster A

odd or eccentric cluster; includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

Personality Disorders: Cluster B

dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster; includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

Personality Disorders: Cluster C

anxious or fearful cluster; includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

Paranoid Personality Disorder

characterized by a marked distrust or suspicion of others; struggle to make and maintain relationships with others

Schizoid Personality Disorder

characterized by a lack of desire to engage with others and the preference to engage in solitary behaviors; also rarely show any feelings or expressions of emotion

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

characterized by a range of impairment in social and interpersonal relationships due to discomfort in relationships, along with odd cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentric behaviors

Antisocial Personality Disorder

characterized by a persistent pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others; often break the law

Borderline Personality Disorder

characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, fear of abandonment, and emotional volatility

Histrionic Personality Disorder

characterized by being uncomfortable in social settings unless they are the center of attention; excessive emotionality and attention-seeking

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

characterized by a pattern of grandiosity along with a lack of empathy for others; inflated self-image and demands for attention and admiration

Avoidant Personality Disorder

characterized by a pattern of social inhibition due to feelings of inadequacy and increased sensitivity to negative evaluations; fear of rejection drives reluctance to engage in social situations

Dependent Personality Disorder

characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of by others; submissive, clingy, and fearful of abandonment

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and the ability to control situations that they lose flexibility, openness, and efficiency in everyday life

HiTOP - Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology

a proposed dimensional alternative to the DSM/ICD approach to classification; focuses on spectra instead of lists of diagnoses

Pathological Personality Traits

25 trait facets within 5 broad domains: negative affectivity vs. emotional stability, detachment vs. extraversion, antagonism vs. agreeableness, disinhibition vs. conscientiousness (self-control measure), and psychoticism vs. lucidity/openness

The “Dark Triad”

3 personality traits often found together: narcissism (inflated self-esteem) + machiavellianism (manipulative, unprincipled) + psychopathy (lacking empathy, often aggressive)

Jonason and Webster’s “Dirty Dozen”

dark triad scale: 12 questions scored 1-7; indicate each of the 3 dark triad characteristics

Hans Kohut’s Self Psychology

following childhood period of healthy narcissism, adults mount a facade of narcissism to cover feelings of inadequacy

Otto Kernberg

believed borderline personality disorder reflects a splitting of the self after early failure to develop a holistic sense of self

Margaret Mahler

believed after early symbiotic relationship with mothers and the process of separation, the individual fails, leading to borderline personality disorder

Problem-Solving Therapy

train antisocial adolescents to view negative social interactions as problems to be solved rather than threats to manhood

Dialectical-Behavior Therapy

analysis of behaviors and responses, and exploration of what might have been done better; attempts to synthesize thoughts and ideal actions to come to a middle ground of more adaptive behavior

Dissociative Disorders

a category of disorders in which there is a splitting of functions of personality, memory, or consciousness

Dissociative Identity Disorder

a dissociative disorder in which a person’s body is occupied by 2+ distinct personalities (alters); used to be known as multiple personality disorder

DID Alters - Mutually Amnesic

personalities/alters don’t know about each other

DID Alters - Mutually Cognizant

personalities/alters do know about each other

DID Alters - One-Way Amnesic

one personality/alter knows about another, but not the other way around

DID Alters - Co-Conscious Subpersonalities

personalities/alters that are aware of each other

Sybil

a book/movie about dissociative identity disorder; set the theme that DID was caused by severe childhood sexual abuse but the reality was that doctor coached her to imagine alters

Iatrogenic

caused by treatment; ex: maybe some cases of dissociative identity disorder

Dissociative Amnesia

characterized by the inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

recurrent episodes of depersonalization, a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself which is often reported as an out-of-body experience, and/or derealization, feelings of unreality or detachment from the world where they may feel unfamiliar with known surroundings or feel that their environment is distorted or artificial

Dissociative Fugue

a form of amnesia accompanied by flight to a new location and assumption of a new identity; often malingering

Somatic Symptom Disorder

characterized by excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors surrounding their somatic (physical) symptoms, often health issues or other physical symptoms that are significant enough to impact their daily functioning

Illness Anxiety Disorder

characterized by an excessive preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious medical illness; typically does not show somatic symptoms; previously known as hypochondriasis

Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

characterized by the presentation of one or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function

Factitious Disorder

characterized by deliberate falsification of medical or psychological symptoms imposed on oneself or on another with the overall intention of deception

Physiological Dependence

body comes to depend on a steady supply of a substance for normal functioning

Psychological Dependence

an emotional/attentional compulsion to keep using a substance; possible for experiences as well as substances

Tolerance

a condition where drugs lead to progressively less of an effect, which often leads people to intake of larger quantities

Synergistic Effect

can multiply the effects of similar drugs used together; can be fatal

Antagonistic Action

taking opposing types of drugs can lead to buildup of toxic levels of one type as it doesn’t get properly metabolized

Withdrawal

aversive symptoms felt when a person stops higher doses of a substance

Substance Use Disorder

characterized by a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems; mild = 2-3 symptoms, moderate = 4-5 symptoms, severe = 6+ symptoms

Substance Intoxication

the individual must have recently ingested a substance and is experiencing behavioral and/or psychological change

Types of Psychoactive Drugs

depressants, alcohol, stimulants, opiates, and hallucinogenic drugs (psychedelics)

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

amnesia due to thiamine vitamin deficiency, caused by chronic alcoholism

Wernicke’s Disease

delirium and tremors, balance issues; caused by chronic alcoholism

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

unborn baby is harmed when the mother drinks alcohol

Stimulants Examples

cocaine, amphetamines

Hallucinogenic Drugs Examples

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana

Antagonist Drugs

drug that can make alcohol taste bad and create an aversion to it for people struggling to stop drinking

Expectancy Model

we expect certain effects from substances based on our own beliefs, whether correct or incorrect

Alcoholics Anonymous

group for alcoholics to stop drinking; 100,000 groups with over 2 million members in 150 countries; claims highest success rate

Anorexia Nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by maintaining extremely low body weight, distortions of body image, and intense fears of gaining weight

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge-eating followed by self-induced purging accompanied by overconcern about body weight and shape (typically normal body weight range)

Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)

characterized by recurrent binge eating episodes involving feelings of lack of control; can consist of eating quicker than usual, eating until uncomfortably full, eating large amounts even if not hungry, eating alone, and/or feeling disgust with oneself or being depressed; no compensatory behaviors

Isabelle Caro and Ana Carolina Reston

fashion models who died due to anorexia complications

Transdiagnostic Model of Eating Disorders

low self-esteem increases risk for over-evaluation of body, which in turn leads to negative eating behaviors that could lead to an eating disorder