Week 3: Development and Health Promotion Newborn Through Pre-School

Which developmental theory focuses on the idea of human bodies growing and change over time.

Biophysical Theory

 Which developmental theory describes human development is based on personality, thinking, and behavior.

Psychosocial Theory

Which developmental theory focuses on how an individual learns to think and makes sense of the world from childhood through adulthood?

Cognitive Theory

Which developmental theory focuses on how we interact with others and the patterns of an individual's thinking, feelings, and actions that shape their understanding of right and wrong?

Moral Theory

When caring for an infant, the nurse compares physical growth to established norms such as weight and height. Which developmental theory does this represent?

Biophysical

This is because there is a pattern of growth and we can see how its effectively changing other factors of the child

A child grew in a loving household that taught him how to be friendly and kind with other people. Ever since then, everybody found his personality and behavior to be very welcoming. Which developmental theory is the kid demonstrating?

Psychosocial Theory

What are the two main patterns of Growth that occurs in the Biophysical Theory?

• cephalocaudal (head develops before the lower body)

• proximodistal (growth starts at the center and moves outward to the limbs).

What are the 4 periods of Cognitive Development?

• sensorimotor

• preoperational

• concrete operational

• formal operational

What does Erik Erikson’s Theory of psychosocial development focuses on?

How individuals need to accomplish a developmental task before successfully mastering a developmental stage and progressing to the next stage.

What does Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development focuses on?

How children’s intellectual organization, specifically how they think, reason, and perceive the world.

What does Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development focuses on?

How it begins at birth through adulthood and refers to the changes in an individual’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that influence their beliefs about what is right and wrong.

What happens during the Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development?

• (Begins at birth and concludes at 2 yrs old)

• The child use their five senses

• They progress through reflex behaviors, simple repetitive actions, and imitative activities

• They understand Object Permanence: objects/people exist even when not visible

What the key characteristics of the Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development?

• (2-7 yrs old)

• Symbolic thinking development

  • Children develop the ability to think symbolically, using objects to represent other things in their environment

• Fantasy and Magical Thinking

  • Children’s thoughts are influenced by fantasy and magical ideas, fostering creativity and imaginative exploration.

• Role of playing and Learning:

  • Play is the primary way children explore ideas, practice social roles, and develop problem-solving skills

A child believes that everyone has the same viewpoints, feelings, and thoughts about her new bicycle she got at the store? What is the child demonstrating?

Egocentrism

• The child struggle to understand others’ viewpoints and assume everyone shares their feelings and thoughts about her toy

A little girl is playing with her toy doll. She pretends the doll has emotions and thoughts, believing it to be her imaginary friend. What is this child demonstrating?

Animism

• This because she is reflecting her use of rich imagination onto her doll by making it emotions and their personal thoughts about being best friends.

What are the key characteristics of the Concreate Operational Stage of Cognitive development?

• (7-11 yrs old)

• Reversibility

  • Mentally reverse steps of an action to return to the starting point

• Classification

  • Sort items by characteristics such as: length, weight, color, and other attributes

• Conservation

  • Recognize that objects or quantities remain the same despite changes in appearance

A 7 year old child lost their toy at a park. The child retraces their steps in order to find out where they last left their toy. What is this child demonstrating?

Reversibility

A 9 year old child got a new box action figures from his parents. The child sorts out these action figures based on their length, weight, color, and other aspects of their body parts. What is the child demonstrating?

Classification

A 7 year old child was playing in a tub full of water. The child recognized after putting the bath bomb in the tub, the water remained at same amount despite the change in appearance? What is the child demonstrating?

Conservation

What are the key characteristics of the Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development?

• (12 yrs old to Adulthood)

• individuals develop the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically.

• They can reason about responsibilities, consequences, and complex concepts beyond concrete experiences

• Adolescents in this stage often exhibit egocentric thinking

  • Their actions and appearance are constantly being observed by others

  • Their thoughts and emotions are unique and not shared by others

  • They are invulnerable, which can lead to risk-taking behaviors

What are the 3 levels of Moral development in Kohlberg’s Theory?

• Preconventional Level

• Conventional Level

• Postconventional Level

What stages are involved in the Preconventional Level?

• Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation:

  • seen in early childhood/toddlerhood;

  • decisions are based primarily on self-interest and avoiding punishment.

• Stage 2:Instrumental Relativist Orientation:

  • seen in preschool children;

  • decisions are based on personal benefit.​

A childe says “I must obey the rules, or I will be punished.”​ What stage of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral development are they showing?

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation

A child says “I don’t like to be grounded in my room, so I will be home in time for supper because that is the rule.” What stage of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development are they showing?

Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation

What stages are involved in the Conventional Level?

• Stage 3: Good-Boy, Nice-Girl Orientation:

  • Commonly seen in middle childhood;

  • social expectations and relationships guide decisions.

• Stage 4: Society-Maintaining Orientation:

  • Commonly seen in adolescence;

  • laws and societal order guide decisions.

A child says “I will stay after school and clean the classroom, so my teacher will like me.” What stage of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development are they showing?

Stage 3: Good-Boy, Nice-Girl Orientation:

A child says “I will not attend the pay tonight because alcohol will be served. I am not legally old enough to drink alcohol.” What stage of Kohlberg’s Theory of Development are they showing?

Stage 4: Society-Maintaining Orientation

What stages are involved in the Postconventional Level?

• Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation:

  • seen in adulthood.

  • Higher ethical principles and individual rights beyond societal laws guide decisions.​

• Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation:

  • seen in adulthood.

  • Decisions are based on abstract, universal ethical principles like justice and human rights.

An adult says “People have a right to food and shelter. Laws need to be changed to ensure everyone has basic needs met. However, it is not right for a starving person to steal food.” What stage of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development are they showing?

Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation

An adult says “People have a right to food and shelter. If the laws are not fair, then it is acceptable for a starving person to steal food.” What stage of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development are they showing?

Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation