prokaryotes are a single-celled organism that has no nucleus has one chromosone, with naked DNA that is not associated with protein reproduces

What synthesizes proteins according to the mRNA sequence within the cell?

Ribosomes.

What are ribosomes made of?

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.

What type of endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins that are generally secreted by the cell?

Rough ER.

What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Diverse metabolic processes including synthesis of lipids and detoxification.

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

Receiving, sorting, manufacturing, and shipping proteins.

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria.

What do cristae do in the mitochondria?

Increase the surface area to enhance the productivity of cellular respiration.

What do lysosomes contain?

Hydrolytic enzymes used to digest macromolecules.

What is the function of vacuoles in eukaryotic cells?

Perform various functions including storage of water and removal of waste.

What process occurs in chloroplasts?

Photosynthesis.

Why are cells small?

High surface area-to-volume ratio (SA:V) allows for efficient exchange of materials.

What is the structure of the cell membrane according to the fluid mosaic model?

A mosaic of protein molecules in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

What type of molecules can pass freely through cell membranes?

Small nonpolar molecules.

What is passive transport?

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without use of energy.

What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Diffusion is direct movement of small nonpolar molecules; facilitated diffusion involves transport proteins.

What is active transport?

Movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy (ATP).

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

What does tonicity measure?

The relative concentrations of solute between two solutions.

What is the equation for calculating water potential in an open system?

ψ = ψp + ψs (where ψp = pressure potential, ψs = solute potential).

What is osmoregulation?

The regulation of an organism’s internal solute composition and water balance.