HCS 212 TEST BANK 18

All plasmalemmae

A) respond to the same degree to all different types of stimuli.

B) respond to changes in the extracellular environment.

C) all respond to each different category of stimulus.

D) All of the answers are correct.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

Sense organs include (the)

A) eye.

B) ear.

C) olfactory organs.

D) taste buds.

E) All of the answers are correct.

e

The term "general senses" refers to the sensations of

A) temperature.

B) pain and proprioception.

C) touch.

D) pressure and vibration.

E) All of the answers are correct.

e

General sensory receptors are

A) concentrated at the ends of the limbs.

B) distributed throughout the body.

C) responsible for providing perceptions to the somatomotor cortex.

D) able to interpret sensations of many different stimulus types.

E) the eye, ear, and nose.

b

Information about the strength, duration, and movement of a stimulus is provided by (the)

A) labeled line.

B) receptive field.

C) special senses.

D) sensory coding.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

Which of the following is true of receptors?

A) Each has a characteristic sensitivity.

B) Each receptor is equally sensitive to several different types of stimuli.

C) The most complex, specific, and sensitive receptors are free nerve endings.

D) They are evenly distributed over all surfaces of the body.

E) None of the answers are correct.

a

Special sensory receptors differ from simple receptors in that

A) they are surrounded by accessory structures that enhance receptor sensitivity.

B) they are restricted in the stimuli to which they respond.

C) each can be stimulated by many different types of stimuli.

D) they are found in more locations on the surface of the body.

E) All of the answers are correct.

b

The fact that we cannot sense infrared radiation is related to

A) our inability to see temperatures.

B) our range of sensitivity.

C) humans not having receptors for all types of stimuli.

D) our inability to process radiation.

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

How is a person's ability to localize a stimulus affected by the function of a single receptor field?

A) Stimuli of all strengths are equally well localized.

B) Localization from a single receptor field is not possible; many have to participate for localization to be possible.

C) The larger the receptive field, the poorer the ability to localize the stimulus.

D) The larger the receptor field, the greater the ability to localize the stimulus.

E) By the receptive fields interaction with other receptive fields.

c

A person is unable to detect electromagnetic waves, except visible light, because of which of the following reasons?

A) No receptors of a type necessary to register the stimuli exist in the body.

B) The stimulus might be outside the range of sensitivity of the available receptors.

C) The stimulus might irritate or stimulate all the available receptors and make interpretation impossible.

D) The CNS might be unable to process a given stimulus.

E) All of the answers are correct.

a

Examples of receptors that are always active are

A) phasic receptors.

B) tonic receptors.

C) mechanoreceptors.

D) tactile receptors.

E) chemoreceptors.

b

Adaptation that results from synaptic fatigue, like that which occurs when you get used to the water temperature in the shower, is a property of

A) slow-adapting receptors.

B) fast-adapting receptors.

C) central adaptation.

D) tonic receptors.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

Which of the following is true of sensory adaptation?

A) It is an increase in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus.

B) It occurs when the receptors of sensory neurons retain a constant level of activity.

C) It is not dependent upon synaptic fatigue.

D) It is the decline in activity along the afferent fiber after an initial strong response.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

Receptors that combine phasic and tonic coding

A) do not send sensory information to the CNS.

B) convey extremely complicated sensory information to the CNS.

C) function in sensations like crude touch.

D) are most likely to be peripheral sense receptors.

E) perceive sensory information.

b

Visceral pain that is sometimes felt in more superficial areas of the body is called

A) referred pain.

B) fast pain.

C) slow pain.

D) nociceptive pain.

E) All of the answers are correct.

a

Which of the following is a type of special sensory receptor?

A) nociceptor

B) thermoreceptor

C) photoreceptor

D) mechanoreceptor

E) chemoreceptor

c

Structurally free nerve endings, root hair plexuses, and tactile discs are referred to as

A) proprioceptors.

B) unencapsulated receptors.

C) encapsulated receptors.

D) crude touch receptors.

E) pain receptors.

b

Which of the following is true of thermoreceptors?

A) They are located in the epidermis of the skin.

B) Cold receptors are three to four times more common than warm receptors.

C) Warm and cold receptors are structurally different.

D) Cold receptors are tactile disc receptors.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

Nociceptors

A) are especially common in the viscera.

B) generally have large receptive fields.

C) are large, structurally complex receptors.

D) always convey very precise local information.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

Proprioceptors provide information about which of the following?

A) arm muscle stretch

B) digestive tract stretch

C) bladder volume

D) lung stretch

E) blood vessel stretch

a

Tactile receptors that provide poor localization are receptors for

A) root hair plexus.

B) deep pressure.

C) fine touch.

D) temperature.

E) pain.

b

Cells in the stratum germinativum that are sensitive to fine touch are called

A) basal cells.

B) keratinocytes.

C) melanocytes.

D) Merkel cells.

E) stem cells.

d

Blood pressure is monitored by (the)

A) baroreceptors.

B) carotid sinus.

C) aortic sinus.

D) All of the answers are correct.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

Neurons in the hypothalamus that respond to carbon dioxide and acid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are

A) mechanoreceptors.

B) nociceptors.

C) proprioceptors.

D) chemoreceptors.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

Blood oxygen levels are monitored by (the)

A) carotid sinus.

B) aortic sinus.

C) aortic body.

D) carotid neurothelium.

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

Information about pressure and gas concentration in the aorta travels to the medulla via (the)

A) cervical nerves.

B) glossopharyngeal nerve.

C) vagus nerve.

D) thoracic nerves.

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are

A) mechanoreceptors.

B) chemoreceptors.

C) proprioceptors.

D) nociceptors.

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

By what mechanism is respiratory and cardiac function regulated in the aortic bodies?

A) Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure.

B) Free nerve endings detect changes in blood vessel size.

C) Mechanoreceptors monitor the rate of blood flow.

D) Chemoreceptors monitor the concentration of carbon dioxide.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

When proprioceptors are stimulated, what kind of information is provided to the CNS?

A) pH of body fluids

B) position of structures

C) vibration

D) pressure

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

If you are innocently taking a nap in your room, and your cat slinks by you, brushing your arm gently with his tail, the tactile receptor most likely to respond to this stimulus is (a)

A) tactile corpuscle.

B) free nerve ending of a hair root.

C) Ruffini corpuscle.

D) lamellated corpuscle.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

When a person is exposed to painfully cold temperatures, why do the fingertips, toes, nose, and ear pinnae often respond to the pain before other body regions?

A) These are the only regions of the body with receptors for cold.

B) Their greater surface area to volume ratio causes them to lose heat faster.

C) Their thermoreceptors have a lower threshold of sensitivity to cold.

D) All of the answers are correct.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

The second order neurons of the olfactory pathway have cell bodies located in which of the following areas?

A) in the olfactory epithelium

B) near specialized olfactory receptors within the epithelium

C) in the olfactory bulbs

D) next to basal cells

E) in the olfactory glands, which are located in the underlying lamina propria

c

Olfactory receptors are very special because they

A) can distinguish from among thousands of chemical stimuli.

B) can distinguish at least fifty primary smells.

C) are a rare example of neuronal replacement.

D) lack structural differences.

E) contains receptor populations with different sensitivities.

c

When air is drawn in through the nose,

A) in a normal, relaxed inspiration approximately 80 percent of the air passes the olfactory organs.

B) sniffing repeatedly increases the intensity of the olfactory stimulation and permits sampling of virtually all of the air taken in at each inspiration.

C) it is swirled to provide the turbulence that brings airborne compounds to the olfactory organs.

D) lipid-soluble materials are absorbed into the mucus prior to being able to be smelled, while water-soluble molecules are sampled directly.

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

Older individuals sometimes use large amounts of perfume because they lose their sense of smell; this is related to

A) sensory adaptation.

B) central adaptation.

C) a decrease in sensitivity of the olfactory cortex.

D) a decrease in the number of olfactory receptors.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

Which of the following cranial nerves transmit sensory impulses from the taste buds?

A) I, II, IV

B) III, VI, VIII

C) VII, IX, XI

D) VII, IX, X

E) V, VII, IX, XI, XII

d

Factors that contribute to a conscious perception of taste include which of the following?

A) the tactile sensation of the texture of foods

B) the speed at which food is ingested

C) the strength of the aroma of the food

D) the intensity of the color of the food

E) All of the answers are correct.

e

The gustatory structure with the most taste buds in an adult is the

A) filiform papilla.

B) fungiform papilla.

C) circumvallate papilla.

D) pharyngeal wall.

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

Taste buds are

A) proprioceptors.

B) mechanoreceptors.

C) chemoreceptors.

D) nociceptors.

E) pressure receptors.

c

Research indicates that the pharynx may have special taste buds for

A) fat.

B) carbohydrates.

C) water.

D) amino acids.

E) fat and cholesterol.

c

Damage to the cupula of the lateral semicircular duct would interfere with our perception of

A) the direction of gravitational pull.

B) horizontal rotation of the head.

C) vertical rotation of the head.

D) linear acceleration.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

The three main anatomical regions into which the ear is divided are

A) external ear, tympanum, and stapes.

B) malleus, incus, and organ of Corti.

C) external ear, middle ear, and inner ear.

D) ceruminous gland, cochlea, and utricle.

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

The inner ear includes which of the following?

A) pinna

B) cochlea

C) ossicles

D) tympanic membrane

E) external auditory canal

b

The ear and the nasopharynx are connected by the auditory tube, which connects the throat and (the)

A) external ear.

B) middle ear.

C) inner ear.

D) cochlea.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

The auditory ossicles connect (the)

A) tympanic membrane to the round window.

B) cochlea to the tympanic membrane.

C) cochlea to the round window.

D) tympanic membrane to the oval window.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

The system of fluid-filled tubes and chambers of the inner ear is called (the)

A) bony labyrinth.

B) endootic space.

C) cochlea.

D) membranous labyrinth.

E) All of the answers are correct.

d

The vestibular complex is filled with

A) perilymph.

B) endolymph.

C) CSF.

D) plasma.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

Endolymph has

A) potassium levels.

B) high sodium levels.

C) the same ions as extracellular fluid anywhere else in the body.

D) the same ions as cerebrospinal fluid.

E) high potassium and low sodium levels.

e

The kinocilia and stereocilia of the hair cells in the semicircular ducts are embedded in a gelatinous structure called (the)

A) ampulla.

B) cupula.

C) crista.

D) organ of Corti.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

Calcium carbonate crystals in the utricle and saccule are called

A) maculae.

B) otoliths.

C) stones.

D) statoconia.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

The auditory ossicle that covers the oval window is the

A) incus.

B) stapes.

C) anvil.

D) malleus.

E) stirrup.

b

The size difference between the tympanic membrane and the oval window causes vibrations to

A) change tone.

B) become faint.

C) become more frequent.

D) amplify.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

Sensory receptors of the ear are

A) mechanoreceptors.

B) Merkel cells.

C) baroreceptors.

D) chemoreceptors.

E) photoreceptors.

a

Which of the following is the first component of the auditory pathway?

A) Hair cell stimulation activates sensory neurons.

B) The sensory neuron cell bodies are in the spinal ganglion.

C) The sensory neuron afferent fibers form the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

D) The axons of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve synapse at the cochlear nucleus of the medulla.

E) None of the answers are correct.

a

What aspect of hearing will be lost if the auditory cortex is damaged?

A) High-frequency sounds will be unable to be interpreted.

B) The individual will respond to sounds and have normal acoustic reflexes.

C) Sound interpretation and pattern recognition will be difficult or impossible.

D) Tones and patterns will become incomprehensible.

E) All of the answers are correct.

e

The lacrimal glands

A) are located in pockets of the lacrimal bone.

B) produce less fluid than the ocular conjunctiva.

C) produce watery, slightly alkaline secretions.

D) function only during stress.

E) All of the answers are correct.

c

Damage to the fovea of the eye interferes with the ability to

A) focus the image.

B) see color.

C) regulate the amount of light striking the retina.

D) bleach visual pigments.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

The anteriorly curving bulge of the eye on which a person may put "contacts" is called (the)

A) conjunctiva.

B) lacrimal caruncle.

C) cornea.

D) lacrimal gland.

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

In correct order, the pathway followed by tears cleaning the eyes is:

(1) entering the nasolacrimal duct

(2) accumulating at the medial canthus

(3) passing through the lacrimal puncta

(4) entering the lacrimal sac

(5) entering the lacrimal canaliculi

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

B) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

C) 2, 3, 5, 4, 1

D) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4

E) 3, 4, 1, 2, 5

c

Each rod and cone cell of an eye monitors

A) specific rates of movement of objects across the visual field.

B) specific colors or tones of black and white.

C) a specific receptive field.

D) objects at a specific range of distances from the observer.

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

The primary function of the lens of the eye is to

A) provide the coloring of the eye.

B) maintain the shape of the eye.

C) focus the visual image onto the optic disc.

D) focus the visual image on the retinal photoreceptors.

E) All of the answers are correct.

d

Visual information from the retinas first arrives for processing at

A) the hippocampus.

B) the temporal lobes.

C) the occipital lobes.

D) the lateral geniculate nuclei.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

The information that arrives at a sensory receptor is called a ________.

stimulus

The sensory information arriving at the CNS is called a sensation; a ________ is a conscious awareness of a sensation.

perception

Each receptor has a characteristic sensitivity, such as a touch receptor that is very sensitive to pressure but relatively insensitive to chemical stimuli. This trait is called ________.

receptor specificity

A ________ receptor becomes active only when stimulated.

phasic

A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus is called ________.

adaption

The name of the mechanism in which pain sensations from visceral organs are often perceived as originating in more superficial regions is ________.

referred pain

Receptors for general senses that provide information about the environment outside of the body are ________.

exteroceptors

________ provide information about the internal environment. (Note: Be sure to capitalize the first letter of your answer).

Interoceptors

Stretch receptors that monitor changes in pressure are ________.

baroreceptors

The taste receptors are clustered in individual ________ lying along the sides of papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue and adjacent regions of the pharynx and larynx.

taste buds

Each taste bud contains approximately 40 slender receptors, called ________, and a number of supporting cells.

gustatory cells

Shaking the head "no" causes changing of the signal originating from the ________ semicircular canal.

lateral

Distortion of the stereocilia toward the kinocilium causes an ________ in output.

increase

Hair cells of the utricle and saccule are clustered in the oval ________.

maulae

Blocking of the normal transfer of vibrations through the middle ear is called ________.

conductive deafness

In the cochlear duct, the hair cells' stereocilia are embedded in the ________.

tectorial membrane

The function of structures within the middle ear is to ________ and transmit sound waves to the inner ear.

amplify

The auditory tube is also called the Eustachian tube or the ________.

pharyngotympanic tube

Hair cells of the cochlear duct are found in the ________.

organ of Corti

Hair cells of the cochlea are monitored by sensory neurons located in the ________.

spiral ganglion

The brain processing center that coordinates reflexive responses to acoustic stimuli is the ________.

inferior colliculus

Descending instructions along the ________ of the spinal cord adjust peripheral muscle tone to complement the reflexive movements of the head or neck.

tectospinal tracts

Actions that automatically change the position of the head in response to a sudden loud noise are the ________.

auditory reflexes

The special sense that humans typically rely upon more than any other is the sense of ________.

vision

The glands that produce a lipid-rich lubricant that prevents the eyelids from sticking together are called ________.

tarsal glands

Aqueous humor is produced at the ciliary body and returns to the circulation after it drains into the ________.

canal of Schlemm or scleral venous sinus

A daily pattern of visceral activity that is tied to the day-night cycle is called the ________.

circadian rhythm

The ________ cells of the retina form a network that inhibits or facilitates communication between visual receptors and bipolar cells.

horizontal

The two optic nerves, one from each eye, reach the diencephalon at the ________.

optic chiasm

Calcium carbonate crystal in the macula are called cristae.

false

Raised group of hair cells in the ampulla are called otoliths.

false

The round window separates the cochlear chamber from the middle ear.

true

The saccule is part of vestibule.

true

The oval window is covered by the stapes footplate.

true

The bony cochlea coils around a central hub, which is called the spiral ganglion.

false

The hair cells of the cochlear duct are found in the modiolus.

false

The cochlear duct is separated from the tympanic duct by the basilar membrane.

true

The membrane attached to the inner wall of the cochlear duct that causes the stereocilia of the hair cells to distort when it bounces up and down is the tectorial membrane.

true