General Chemistry - Solutions

MCAT Chapter 9

Solutions

homogenous mixtures of two or more substances that combine to form a single phase

Solvent

component of solution remain in same phase after mixing

Solvation

electrostatic interaction between solute and solvent molecules

Ideal solution

Overall strength of new interaction is equal to overall strength original reaction

Solubility

Substance is the maximum amount of that substance that can be dissolved in a particle solvent at a given temperature

Saturated

dissolved solute is in equilibrium with its undissolved state

Sparingly soluble salts

solutes dissolve minimally in teh solvent

Aqeuous solution

solvent is in water

Complex ion

Molecule in which a cation is bonded to at least one electron pair donor

ligand

electron pair donor molecules

coordinate covalent bonds

electron pair donor and electron pair acceptor form very stable Lewis acid base adducts

Chelation

central cation can be bonded to same ligand in multiple places

concentration

denotes the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent

Percent composition

(Mass of solute / Mass of solution ) X 100%

Mole Fraction

Moles of A / Total moles of all species

Molarity

Moles of solute / Liters of solution

Molality

Moles of solute/ kilogram of solvent

Normality

number of equivalents of interest per liter of solution

equivalent

measure of the reactive capactiy of a molecule

Saturation point

solute concentration is at its maximum value for given temperature and pressure

Molar solubility

molarity of a solute in a saturated solution

IP < Ksp

unsaturated, solute will continue to dissolve

IP = Ksp

saturated, solution is at equilibrium

IP > Ksp

super saturated, precipitation will occur

Common Ion effect

A shift in equilibrium fo a solution due to the addition of ions of a species already rpesent in the reaciton mixture

Collgative properties

Physical properties of solutions that are dependent on concentration of dissolved particles but not on chemical identify of dissolved particles

Osmotic Pressure

pressure generated by solutions in which water drawn into a solution