LAB 1 Intro to Anatomy, Physiology, and Basic Chemistry

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the introductory concepts of anatomy, physiology organization, and basic chemical principles including atomic structure and bonding.

Anatomy

The study of structure and form; a Greek derivative meaning to cut apart or dissect.

Microscopic anatomy

Studies structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye, requiring the use of a microscope.

Cytology

The study of body cells and their internal structures.

Histology

The study of body tissues.

Gross anatomy

Studies larger structures that are visible to the unaided eye.

Systemic anatomy

Studies the anatomy of each functional body system and its organs.

Regional anatomy

Studies all the structures in a particular region of the body.

Pathologic anatomy

Studies anatomical changes resulting from disease.

Physiology

The study of the function of body parts.

Cardiovascular physiology

Examines the functions of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.

Neurophysiology

Examines how nerve impulses are propagated throughout the nervous system.

Respiratory physiology

Studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels.

Reproductive physiology

Studies how the regulation of reproductive hormones can affect the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation.

Pathophysiology

Investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system.

Chemical level

The simplest level of organization comprising the atomic level (e.g., $\text{Carbon}$ or $\text{Hydrogen}$) and the molecular level (e.g., $H_2O$ or $CO_2$).

Tissue level

Groups of similar cells performing common functions, such as muscle or nervous tissue.

Organ Level

Two or more tissue types working together to perform a specific function, such as the stomach or heart.

Organ System Level

Organs working together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function, such as the cardiovascular or respiratory systems.

Organismal Level

The highest level of organization where all $11$ organ systems work interdependently in one organism.

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass; it exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms.

Atoms

The components of matter which come in many different forms called elements.

Protons

Subatomic particles found in the nucleus with a positive charge.

Electrons

Tiny subatomic particles with a negative charge that circle the nucleus in orbitals or shells.

Neutrons

Subatomic particles found in the nucleus with no charge (neutral).

Atomic number

A feature from the periodic table that tells how many protons an atom has.

Atomic mass

The weight of an atom, calculated as $\text{Protons} + \text{Neutrons}$.

Major elements

The $6$ elements that make up $99\text{\%}$ of the body weight: $O$, $C$, $H$, $N$, $Ca$, and $P$.

Minor elements

The $6$ elements that make up the remaining $1\text{\%}$ of the body weight: $K$, $Cl$, $Fe$, $Mg$, $Na$, and $S$.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons.

Radioisotopes

Unstable isotopes that are radioactive, such as $\text{carbon 14}$.

Valence shell

The outermost electron shell of an atom.

Octet rule

The tendency for atoms to try to obtain an outer shell with $8$ electrons to achieve chemical stability.

Ion

An atom that has gained or lost an electron, causing its charge to change.

Cations

Positively charged ions formed when an atom loses an electron.

Anions

Negatively charged ions formed when an atom gains an electron.

Electrolytes

Ions within the body maintained at constant levels, such as sodium ($Na^+$), calcium ($Ca^{++}$), and potassium ($K^+$).

Ionic bonds

Bonds formed by the electrical attraction between a cation and an anion, involving the transfer of electrons.

Covalent bonds

Strong physical bonds formed when atoms share electrons and their valence shells overlap.

Double covalent bond

A bond formed by sharing $4$ electrons ($2$ pairs).