BIO-169: Chapter 18- blood, notes

Blood bank technician

A technician that is responsible for sampling and testing donated blood

Blood, plasma

_____ is considered a fluid connective tissue because it contains formed elements and dissolved proteins in a liquid ground substance called _____

Blood vessels

____ _____ form a circuit away from the heart and back to the heart that includes the arteries, capillaries, and veins

Arteries, veins

_____ transport blood away from the heart, whereas _____ transport blood toward the heart

Capillaries

_____ are permeable, microscopic vessels between arteries and veins and they serve as the sites of exchange between the blood and body tissues; it is this where oxygen and nutrients exit the blood, and carbon dioxide and cellular wastes enter the blood

Erythrocytes

_____, known as red blood cells, function to transport respiratory gases in the blood

Leukocytes

_____, also known as white blood cells, contribute to defending the body against pathogens

Platelets

______ help clot the blood and prevent blood loss from damaged vessels

Plasma

_____ is the fluid portion of blood containing plasma proteins and dissolved solutes

Coordinate immune responses, attack abnormal body cells

Which of the following describes the functions of lymphocytes?

-phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, and dead cells

-coordinate immune responses

-attack abnormal body cells

-phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens

-phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria

Blood

____ serves as the "delivery system" for the body

body temperature, body pH, and fluid balance

Blood participates in the regulation of:

Skeletal

Blood helps regulate body temperature. This is possible because blood absorbs heat from body cells, especially _____ tissue, as it passes through blood vessels of body tissues

Chemical buffers

Blood contains _____ _____ that bind and release hydrogen ions to maintain blood pH until the excess is eliminated from the body

Proteins, ions

Blood contains ____ and _____ that exert osmotic pressure to pull fluid back into the capillaries to help maintain normal fluid balance

Bright red, dark red

Oxygen rich blood is a _____ _____ color, whereas oxygen poor blood is a ____ ____ color

5, 5-6, 4-5

The average volume of blood in an adult is ____ liters. Males tend to have ___ to ____ liters, and women have ___ to ____ liters

Viscosity

_____ of blood depends upon the amount of dissolved substances in the blood relative to the amount of fluid

0.09%

The percent of plasma concentration is ____%, and it determines whether fluids move into or out of the plasma by osmosis as blood is transported through capillaries

2

The temperature of blood is almost ___ degrees Celsius higher than measured body temperature. If your body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit), your blood temperature is about 38.6 degrees Celsius (100.4 degrees Fahrenheit)

7.35 and 7.45

Blood plasma is slightly alkaline, with a pH between:

AB

If the plasma of a blood sample contains neither anti-A nor the anti-B antibodies, the ABO blood type is __.

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Correctly spell the name of each type of formed element:

regulation of body temperature, regulation of body fluid levels, regulation of pH of tissue fluid

What types of regulatory functions are performed by blood?

4.5-5.5 x whole blood

Viscosity levels (relative to water) are:

Whole blood, centrifuge

____ _____, which is both plasma and formed elements, can be separated into its liquid and cellular components by using a _____, a device that spins the sample of blood in a tube so that heavier components collect at the bottom

Erythrocytes

The three components seperated in a test tube. ______ form the lower layer of the centrifuged blood. They typically make up about 44% of a blood sample. A thin ____ _____ makes up the middle layer. This slightly gray white layer is composed of both leukocytes and platelets, this forms less than 1% of a blood sample. ____ is a pale yellowish liquid that rises to the top in the test tube; it generally makes up about 55% of blood

Acid, base, pH, buffer

An ____ increases the concentration of H+ by releasing it into the solution. A ____ decreases the concentration of H+ in the solution. The ____ is a measure of the relative amounts of H+ in a solution. A ____ helps prevent pH changes by binding or releasing excess H+ to maintain the normal H+ concentration in a solution

Hematocrit

The percentage of the volume of all formed elements in the blood is called the _____

42%-56%, 38%-46%

Adult males tend to have a hematocrit ranging between ____-____%, and adult females ranges are from ____-___%

Blood smear

All of the components of the formed elements can be viewed by preparing a:

Erythrocytes

_____ are the most numerous of the formed elements, they are anucleate cells and appear as pink or pale purple, biconcave discs

Leukocytes

_____ are larger than erythrocytes. The nucleus is very noticeable in this element

Platelets

_____ are cellular fragments and are much smaller than either erythrocytes or leukocytes

About 1^C higher than

The temperature of blood is _____ body temperature measured orally or rectally.

-about 1^C higher than

-about 1^C lower than

-usually the same as

Formed elements and plasma

Whole blood consists of:

-55%

-45

-44%

-<1%

Match the quantities on the left with the components of whole with which they correspond on the right.

Plasma- %.

Formed elements- %

Erythrocytes- %

Leukocytes and platelets- <%

Blood, separate

The term hematocrit is composed of the prefix hemato, which means relating to the _____, and the suffix crit, derived from Krino, which means to ____

Water, electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes

Plasma is composed primarily of ____, (about 92% of its volume), plasma proteins, and other solutes, including _____, _____, _____ ____, and _____

extracellular, intracellular

Plasma is classified as an _____ fluid, because it is fluid found outside of cells. However, plasma is similar in composition to _____ fluid, in that both have similar concentrations of electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products

Albumin

_____ which is (-58% of plasma proteins) exerts osmotic force to retain fluid within the blood and it contributed to bloods viscosity and is responsible for transport of some ions, lipids, and hormones

Globulins

transport lipids, metal ions, and antibodies for immune function.

Electrolytes

_____ help establish, maintain, and change membrane potentials, maintain pH balance, and regulate osmosis

Nutrients

_____ are an energy source; precursor for synthesizing other molecules

Colloid

Blood is considered a _____, because it contains proteins in the plasma

colloid osmotic pressure

Osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins is called ____ ____ ____. This osmotic force is responsible for drawing fluids into the blood and preventing excess fluid loss from blood capillaries into the interstitial fluid, thus helping to maintain blood volume and blood pressure

Albumins

____ are the smallest and most abundant of the plasma proteins, making up approximately 58% of all plasma proteins. These exert the greatest colloid osmotic pressure and they act to transport proteins that carry ions, hormones, and sole lipids in the blood

Globulins

_____ are the second largest group of plasma proteins, forming about 37% of all plasma proteins

Fibrinogen

_____ makes up about 4% of all plasma proteins, and these as well as other clotting proteins are responsible for blood clot formation

Solution

Blood is considered a _____ because it contains dissolved ions as well as organic and inorganic molecules

Erythros, kytes

Deconstruction of the medical term for a red blood cell reveals that the prefix _____ means red and the suffix _____ means cell

Immune

Leukocytes and plasma proteins protects the body against potentially harmful substances which are also part of the _____ system

Electrolytes, waste products, nutrients

Identify components of plasma that will be found in similar concentrations to that of interstitial fluid.

-electrolytes

-proteins

-waste products

-nutrients

7, 1

By weight, plasma is approximately __ % protein and 92% water; other substances such as electrolytes, nutrients, gases and wastes make up a little less than __ % of plasma.

58%

Albumin constitutes about _____ of all plasma proteins

-<1%

-58%

-37%

-4%

Match each class of plasma protein with its relative amount of the plasma protein total.

Regulatory proteins- <%

Albumins- %

Globulins- %

Fibrinogen- %

Albumins

The plasma proteins most important for maintaining fluid balance in the cardiovascular system are the:

Injury to a blood vessel wall

____ is what stimulates the formation of fibrin

-acidosis in the bloodstream

-injury to a blood vessel wall

-alkalosis in the bloodstream

-the presence of excess fluid in the bloodstream

Serum

When the clotting proteins are removed from plasma, the remaining fluid is termed:

Formed elements

Collectively, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are called the ____ _____ and make up approximately 45% of whole blood

Hemopoiesis

Formed elements have a relatively short life span; new ones are continuously produced by the process of ____

Red bone marrow

___ is responsible for hemopoiesis

Axial

Hemopoiesis occurs in most bones in young children, but as an individual reaches adulthood, hemopoiesis is restricted to bones primarily in the ____ skeleton

hematocytoblasts

The process of hemopoiesis starts with hemopoietic stem cells called _____. These are considered multi potent cells, meaning that they can differentiate and develop into many different kinds of cells

Myeloid line

The _____ _____ forms erythrocytes, all leukocytes except lymphocytes and megakaryocytes

Erythropoiesis, 3 million

The process of erythrocyte production is called ______. Normally, erythrocytes are produced at the rate of about ___ per second

Myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte

-The process of erythropoeisis begins with a ____ ____ _____, which under the influence of multi-csf forms a progenitor cell.

-the progenitor cell forms a ______, which is a large nucleated cell.

-It then becomes an ____, which is a slightly smaller cell that is producing hemoglobin in its cytosol

-the next stage called a _____, is a still smaller cell with more hemoglobin it's in cytosol.

-a cell called a reticulocyte is eventually

Formed

Leukopoiesis, granulocyte maturation, monocyte maturation, and lymphocyte maturation

The production of leukocytes is called ______, and this involves 3 different types of maturation:

Red bone marrow

Formed elements are constantly produced in:

Thrombopoiesis

Platelets production process is called:

Hemoglobin

The red color of arterial blood is due to the presence of _____ in erythrocytes

Alpha, beta

A hemoglobin molecule consists of two polypeptides called _______ chains (globins) and two polypeptides called ________ chains (globins).

1%

An average of about ____% of erythrocytes are removed from circulation per day

Macrophages

The cells in the spleen that remove old and/or damaged erythrocytes are called:

Are broken down to amino acids, which can be used to make erythrocytes or any other protein

are broken down to amino acids, which can be used to make erythrocytes or any other protein

Megakaryoblast, Megakaryocyte

From the myeloid stem cell, a committed cell called a _____ is produced. It matures under the influence of thrombopoietin to form a _____

100

Megakaryocytes are easily distinguished both by their large size, about ____um in diameter

Proplatelets

Megakaryocytes produce platelets by forming long extensions from themselves called:

7.5

Erythrocytes are very small, flexible cells, with a diameter of approximately ___ um

Respiratory gases

The fact that erythrocytes lack a nucleus and organelles enables them to carry _____ _____ more efficiently

Erythrocytes

_____ transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the tissues and the lungs

Hemoglobin

______ is a red pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

Oxygenated

When blood is maximally loaded with oxygen, it is termed:

Deoxygenated

When come oxygen is lost and carbon dioxide is gained during systemic cellular gas exchange, blood is called:

Globins

Each hemoglobin molecule consists of four protein molecules called:

Blood doping

A technique for temporarily improving athletic performance in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells previously withdrawn from an athlete are injected back just before an event

Testosterone

Because males have higher levels of _____, they also usually have a higher erythrocyte count and a higher hematocrit

120, liver and spleen, 1

An erythrocyte has a maximum life span of about ____ days, after which they are phagocytized in the _____ and ____. Every day, about __% of the oldest circulating erythrocytes are removed from circulation

Globin protein, iron ion, heme group

Three molecular components must be accounted for in the destruction of hemoglobin:

Transferrin

The iron ion component in hemoglobin is removed and transported by a globulin protein called:

Ferritin

_____ is a large, water soluble protein that serves as the primary storage mechanism for iron

0.9

Small amounts of iron, approximately ____mg are lost daily in sweat, urine and feces

Anemia

_____ is any condition in which either the percentage of erythrocytes is lower than normal or the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced

aplastic anemia

_____ anemia is characterized by significantly decreased formation of both erythrocytes and hemoglobin. This results from defective red bone marrow, perhaps as a result of poisons, toxins, or radiation exposure

congenital hemolytic anemia

_____ _____ anemia occurs when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal

Erythroblastic anemia

_____ anemia is characterized by the presence of large numbers of immature, nucleated cells in the circulating blood

hemorrhagic anemia

______ anemia results from heavy blood loss where a hemorrhage may be caused

pernicious anemia

_____ anemia is a chronic, progressive anemia of adults caused by failure of the body to absorb vitamin B12

Transfusion

A _____ is the transfer of blood or blood components from a donor to a recipient

Whole blood donation

A _____ ____ ______ is a donation of all the components of blood in a single donation visit