tradition and art final

what is a garden

a delimited open space created for the display, cultivation and enjoyment of plants, flowers, and other forms of nature

what are 3 types of gardens

french, chinese, spanish

What are the most important considerations to take into account in garden design?

how the garden will be used, followed closely by the desired stylistic genres, and the way the garden space will connect to the building and structures in the surrounding area

Who was Frederick Law Olmsted

creator of central park

What is Landscape Architecture?

the art and science of arranging land together with the space and objects upon it for safe, efficient, healthful, pleasant human use

When did the City Garden Movement start?

1898

Why did the City Garden Movement start?

as a consequence of the industrial revolution and the need for better living conditions

What was the first great urban public park in America?

Central Park

Who designed Central Park and when was it created?

Frederick Law Olmsted, 1858

What is the Anglo-Chinese garden?

Combines naturalistic English elements with exotic Chinese ones.

When was the Anglo-Chinese garden created?

18th century

Which is the biggest and the most famous formal French Garden?

Gardens of Versailles

How does the English garden differ from its European counterparts?

Prioritizes romantic and informal designs

How did the Egyptians conceive their gardens?

They mixed the Assyrian model and geometric patterns from the Persian Empire

What is an example of a Mughal garden in India?

Taj Mahal

What is a Sihe-yuan?

An outdoor area surrounded by walls or fences

How and when did the idea of the garden begin in China?

Came from the idea of creating a miniature representation of the universe

What is an example of one of the three main Chinese philosophies that influenced the creation of the Chinese garden art, and how has it contributed?

Buddhism and their respect for nature

What is Feng-Shui?

Art of geomancy

What is the Taihu Rock in Chinese gardens?

Represents wisdom and immortality and is the focal center of the garden

When was the capital city of Heian-kyo founded and how was it conceived?

794, a place to centralize imperial power

What is the Shinden style?

A group of pavilions of Chinese inspiration

What is the so-called Paradise Garden in Japanese history?

Gardens built to represent the pure land

What is the Sakutei-ki?

“Treatise on Garden Making”, oldest text on garden design

Who wrote the Sakutei-ki?

Tachibana no Toshitsuna

What is one aesthetic value that emerged during the Heian period?

Mono no aware

What is mono no aware?

an empathy toward things

What are some characteristics of the Heian period?

Shinden style, symmetry, ponds

What is Zen?

School of Buddhism, focuses on meditation not scripture

What is an example of Japanese aesthetic values that were influenced by Zen?

Wabi-sabi

What is Wabi-sabi?

imperfection and impermanence

What are the 2 styles of Zen gardens developed during Kamakura and Muromachi periods?

Scenario and Dry Landscape

What is a Scenario garden?

a traditional Japanese landscape garden designed to represent a miniature natural scene

What is a Dry Landscape garden?

a garden using only stones, sand, moss, and meticulously raked gravel

For what purpose was the Zen Garden conceived?

To create a space to meditate

In what historical period did westerners arrive in Japan? Who were they?

Muromachi period, Portuguese

Who was Sen-no-Rikyu?

Creator of wabi-sabi, influenced art development

How is the tea garden composed?

2 areas divided by gate, stepping stones, stone lantern, stone water basin

Explain some characteristics of the Azuchi-Momoyama period.

Castles, trade, tea garden

Explain about the appearance of castles in Japanese history, and its characteristics.

Fortresses made of wood raised on stone platforms, guarded important sites 

How is a tea ceremony performed and what is the meaning?

Choreographed ritual of matcha, wabi sabi

What are some characteristics of the Edo period?

Large stroll gardens associated with villa-states

What is a tsubo-niwa, its purpose, and its main characteristics?

Courtyard gardens, used for bringing nature inside, regulation of temperature, reduced taxes

What is the Shoin style?

A symmetrical and polished style

What is the Sukiya style?

A non-symmetrical and rustic style

What is one example of a stroll garden in Japan and some of its characteristics?

Katsura, pond, cobble path, shakkei

What is the so-called Shakkei technique in Japanese garden design?

“Technique of borrowed landscape”, appreciation of a distant scene

Who was Jihei Ogawa?

A prominent garden architect, pioneer of the modern Japanese garden

What gardens did Jihei Ogawa create?

Murin-an villa, Heian Shrine gardens, Kyu-Furukawa

What was the first public park of Japan? 

Hibiya Park in Tokyo

What are some foreign painters, gardeners and architects that were influenced by Japanese art and gardens?

Monet and Van Gogh

How did Japan influence Western art? 

“Japonisme”, influx of ukiyo-e, more Perspectives, colors, motifs

What are some characteristics of the Meiji period?

Western influence and modernization

Who was Mirei Shigemori and Isamu Noguchi?

Created UNESCO Garden in Paris

Who was Isamu Noguchi?

A prominent Japanese-American landscape architect

When did Japanese gardens start to be constructed outside Japan?

Late 19th century

Why are the activities generated inside these gardens a valuable resource? 

Way for people to learn and respect a new culture

Why are many Japanese gardens around the world and why were they made outside of Japan?

Symbol of peace and heal war relations