Clinical Psychology: Bipolar, Depressive, Anxiety, and Personality Disorders

These practice flashcards cover the essential diagnostic criteria, prevalence rates, historical context, and clinical features of psychological disorders discussed in the lecture notes, including Bipolar, Depressive, Anxiety, OCD-related, Trauma, Sexual, Eating, and Personality disorders.

What are the diagnostic types of Bipolar and Related Disorders listed in the notes?

Bipolar I disorder, Bipolar II disorder, Cyclothymic disorder, Substance/medication-induced bipolar, Bipolar due to a medical condition, and Other specified/Unspecified bipolar disorders.

What is the required duration for a Manic Episode according to Criterion A?

It must last at least $1\,week$ and be present most of the day, nearly every day (or any duration if hospitalization is required).

A Hypomanic Episode is characterized by a mood disturbance lasting at least how many consecutive days?

At least $4\,consecutive\,days$, present most of the day nearly every day.

What term refers to the diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities?

Anhedonia.

What is the primary difference between a Manic Episode and a Hypomanic Episode regarding impairment?

A Manic Episode cause marked impairment in functioning or hospitalization, whereas a Hypomanic Episode is not severe enough to cause marked impairment or hospitalization.

What is the average age of onset for Bipolar I Disorder?

Approximately $18\,years$ old.

What are the specific requirements to meet the diagnosis for Bipolar II Disorder?

Criteria must be met for at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode, with no history of a manic episode.

How is Cyclothymic Disorder defined in terms of duration for adults?

Hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet full episode criteria must persist for at least $2\,years$ ($1\,year$ in children), being present at least half the time.

What is a 'cultural syndrome' as defined in the notes?

A cluster of co-occurring, distinctive symptoms found in specific cultural groups, such as 'ataque de nervios' (attack of nerves).

What are the age requirements for a diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)?

The individual must be between $6$ and $18\,years$ old, with a typical onset age of $10\,years$.

What is the required duration for a Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) diagnosis?

Symptoms must be present for a period of at least $2\,weeks$.

According to Sigmund Freud and K. Abraham, what is the classic view of the cause of depression?

Disturbances in the infant-mother relationship during the oral phase, real or imagined object loss, and anger directed inward at the self.

What is the duration requirement for Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) in adults?

Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least $2\,years$ ($1\,year$ for children/adolescents).

How does the DSM-5 define Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) symptom timing?

At least $5$ symptoms must be present in the final week before menses, improve within a few days after onset, and be minimal/absent in the week postmenses.

Distinguish between 'Fear' and 'Anxiety' based on the lecture notes.

Fear is a response to a known, external, definite threat; Anxiety is a response to an unknown, internal, vague, or conflictual threat.

What is the duration requirement for Separation Anxiety Disorder in adults vs. children?

It must last for at least $4\,weeks$ for children and $6\,months$ or more for adults.

What are the criteria for Selective Mutism?

Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations where there is an expectation for speaking, despite speaking in other situations, lasting at least $1\,month$.

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) typically starts at what age?

It typically starts in the mid-teens.

What is a 'Panic Attack'?

An abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, which can be a specifier for any anxiety disorder.

What are the five situations associated with Agoraphobia?

Using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed places, standing in line/being in a crowd, and being outside of the home alone.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) involves excessive worry about events or activities for at least how long?

At least $6\,months$.

What does 'ego-dystonic' mean in the context of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

The individual feels their obsessions are not within their own control and are intrusive/inappropriate.

What is 'Muscle Dysmorphia'?

A form of Body Dysmorphic Disorder occurring almost exclusively in males, characterized by the preoccupation that one's body is too small, insufficiently lean, or not muscular enough.

What are 'Trichobezoars'?

Accumulations of swallowed hairs (from Trichophagia) in the stomach, often associated with Trichotillomania.

Which historical names have been used for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

Soldier's heart, Shell Shock, Combat neurosis, and Operational fatigue (or Battle Fatigue).

What is the primary difference between Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?

Reactive Attachment involves inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward caregivers; Disinhibited Social Engagement involves actively approaching and interacting with unfamiliar adults.

What is the duration limit for Adjustment Disorder symptoms after the stressor has terminated?

The symptoms do not persist for more than an additional $6\,months$ once the stressor or its consequences have ended.

What duration distinguishes Acute Stress Disorder from PTSD?

Acute Stress Disorder symptoms last from $3\,days$ to $1\,month$ following the trauma; PTSD symptoms last more than $1\,month$.

Define 'Paraphilia'.

Intense and persistent sexual interest (for at least $6\,months$) other than interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with mature, consenting human partners.

What is 'Frotteuristic Disorder'?

Sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person; derived from the word 'frotter', meaning 'to rub'.

What are the specific age requirements for Pedophilic Disorder?

The individual must be at least $16\,years$ old and at least $5\,years$ older than the child (who is generally $13\,years$ or younger).

What is the difference between Lifelong and Acquired sexual dysfunctions?

Lifelong dysfunctions have been present from the first sexual experience; Acquired dysfunctions develop after a period of normal sexual function.

What is the 'vagina dentate' as described in Freud's etiology of sexual disorders?

The unconscious belief held by some men that the vagina has teeth, serving as a protection against unconscious fears.

Identify the key diagnostic criteria for Anorexia Nervosa.

Restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight, intense fear of weight gain, and disturbed body image or denial of severity.

What is the primary difference between Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-Eating Disorder?

Binge-Eating Disorder is not associated with the recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors (like purging or fasting) found in Bulimia Nervosa.

Identify the three Personality Disorder clusters and their general descriptions.

Cluster A (Odd, Eccentric), Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic), and Cluster C (Anxious, Fearful).

What age criteria must be met for a diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?

The person must be at least $18\,years$ old, with evidence of Conduct Disorder before the age of $15$.

What is the 'Relational Dilemma' characteristic of Borderline Personality Disorder?

The conflict between 'Cut them out before they can abandon you' and 'Cling to them so they don't abandon you'.

What belief is at the structural core of Dependent Personality Disorder?

'I cannot take care of myself.'

How does Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) differ from OCD?

OCPD is a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control at the expense of flexibility and efficiency, whereas OCD involves specific obsessions and compulsions.