HSC4579 Women's Health Exam 2

mental health

state of well-being that allows a person to: cope with difficult circumstances, have meaningful relationships, live a productive life and meet life's demands

affected by:

-environmental issues

-socioecological issues

-cultural issues

-biological issues

men vs women mental illness

-women 2x rate of clinical depression than men

-twice as many women suffer from panic disorder

-women have 4x incidence of seasonal affective disorder (up in summer, sad in winter, etc.)

-more women attempt suicide/more men die from attempts

-men 3x more likely to be diagnosed with APD (withdraw, don't have friends, etc.)

emotions

natural states that result from the perceived impact of an event or memory of an event

guideposts

how we reacted to event in the past, can show how we'll react to similar events in the future (learn/change)

release

recognizing emotion and releasing it-crying, laughing, talking to someone (females more likely to release than males)

sociocultural influences (can be positive or negative)

family members, values, religion, media, school activities, national and world events, friends/peers

gender differences

-difference in detection, processing, expression

-APA-women respond to stress with greater amounts of sadness/anxiety (close off from society), men more likely to turn to external ways to deal with stress (alcohol, violence-negative)

-females have less serotonin and respond differently (more susceptible to depression)

-cultural stereotypes

-personal environment could play a role

emotional intelligence

-recognize emotion of yourself and those around you

-have ability to resolve problems

-employ self-awareness, control, motivation, and empathy

-can be confused with guideposts

-daily recognition of emotions, action plan to cope with negative thoughts

-we are aware and understand our response and try to plan action in case we need it

self-esteem enhancement

-distance between perceived self and ideal self

-perceived self: how we see ourselves right now-emotionally, intellectually, image, success

-ideal self: how we think we should look-compare to others which is negative

-ideal self needs to be realistic

depression

-emotional state of persistent dejection, persistent over long period of time (6 months on and off=depression)

******isn't just extreme, it is also mild discouragement but can range to extreme despair-commercials only promote worst of the worst

******4th most disabling illness in the world (WHO)

-2x more common in women

-17-20 million americans get depression each year

-women of color greater risk

****native american indian highest risks

-close second-hispanic females

postpartum depression

-normal to feel sad after birth, but this is extreme form of depression after giving birth (10-15% of women affected)

-female could have no interest in child, suicidal thoughts, extreme sadness, isolation and could even harm child

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

-4-6% of U.S. females affected, when sleep is off due to environmental factors

-ex: highly depressed in winter and happy in summer, case can be flipped

-lamp therapy, drug therapy

-increased appetite (carbs!!)

dysthymia

-wide range of symptoms and categories

-general depression, more milk, sadness, isolation, crying, diagnosed in adolescence

-very common in U.S.

depression and health

-blood more likely to clot

-less likely to take meds properly

-less likely to eat healthy

-less likely to quit smoking

-increased risk for heart disease

stress

-physical, mental, or emotional response to a stressor

-acute "eu stress"-good stress, motivates and encourages you (taking test-helps you perform, start of race etc.)

-chronic "di stress"-bad stress, negative stress, daily sometimes 24/7 stress, has health effects

-women more likely to report feeling stressed (40%W vs 35%M)

-women more likely to report that money is source of stress (79%W vs 73%M)

-more men cite work as stress (76%M vs 65%W)

-women more likely to read (57 vs 34) and eat (31 vs 21%)

-men more likely to play sports and listen to music

coping with stress

deep breathing/ relaxation, exercise, socializing/venting with friends/family, have FUN, laughing, enjoying life-proven to reduce stress

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

most common in U.S. females, see something as negative when in reality its not (2/3 females in U.S.)

-exaggerates, worry, tension-6 months

panic disorders

common among females, "panic attacks"

-fear when most people feel unthreatened, feels like a heart attack, back/jaw pain, blurred vision, nausea

social phobia

when women/men (more likely) extremely fear social situations, stay home from work, fear of embarrassment, panic attacks

-cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helpful

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

people recognize irrationality, but can't stop doing behaviors, genetic?

post traumatic stress disorder (PTS)

2x more common in females than in males (rape, violence), longer recovery time, lower serotonin, etc.

anxiety

-women 2x as likely as men to have anxiety and be diagnosed with it

-white women more likely to have generalized, social, OCD

-african american women more likely to surfer from PTS

anxiety symptoms and treatment

symptoms: increased HR, heavy sweating response, trouble breathing (shallow breaths), shaking, increased BP, light-headedness, chest pain/pressure, nausea

treatment:

-more difficult for female to get proper diagnosis

-CBT:*****trying to retrain brain to not react in a negative way, helps females more than males (ON EXAM)

-medication: not for everyone, may not work, can take 3 weeks to get into system, needs time, can be addictive

-seeking help is a sign of strength not weakness

bottom line

stress, anxiety and depression all pose serious health problems and shouldn't be considered normal

benefits of relaxing and unwinding

-reduce stress

-increase focus by taking breaks

-implement self-care

-short/long term health benefits

-academic and personal benefits

-practice mindfulness, be present

sleep

-helps consolidate memory and learning, increases ability to process new information, boosts energy and mood

-need 7-9 hours each night to perform at optimum levels

improving sleep quality

-sleep diary

-consistent exercise

-avoid alcohol within 2 hours of bedtime

-avoid caffeine within 6 hours of bedtime

-skip naps

-lie down only when sleepy

-turn off technology 30 min before bed

-relaxing bedtime routine

improving sleep environment

-bed only for sleep and sex

-sleep mask

-ear plugs, fan, music

-comfort of bedding

-15 minute rule

deep breathing

-oxygenates blood, improves health, decreases stress

-triggers parasympathetic nervous system which tells body to relax

mindfulness

-meditation: clearing one's mind by focusing on one thing, tuning other thoughts out, focuses on thought without judgement or evaluation, takes practice

-visualization/guided imagery: involves using mental imagery in the context of relaxed state, used to improve performance

-progressive muscle relaxation: deep muscle relaxation, tensing and completely relaxing each part of body

mandalas

-found in tibetan and indian religions such as hinduism and buddhism

-"sacred" circle when colored in-brings person sense of relaxation and bring them to peaceful trance

-reduce stress, depression and is helpful in prioritizing thoughts/problem solving

relaxation techniques

-tai chi

-me time

-listening to music

-social support

-physical activity

-yoga

campus resources

-gatorwell health promotion services

-counseling and wellness center

-recsports

-u matter, we care

heart disease background

-used to be thought of as man's problem

-1964-first conference related to women's heart health

-signs and symptoms taken less seriously for women

-women comprise 27% of health research related to heart disease

**women more likely to die of heart attack, more likely to get another within 5 years AND then more likely to die from second heart attack if survived first

what is heart disease?

-CVD-group of diseases that include diseases of heart and cerebrovascular disease

***leading cause of disability among women

***1 in 2.6 women die from heart disease

***1 in 31 die of breast cancer

-plaque buildup, hardening of arteries

-angina-inadequate blood flow to heart, extreme chest pain

-arythmia-more likely to have heart attack

heart disease facts

-leading cause of death in women over age 35

-kills more women than all forms of cancer combined

-64% of women who die suddenly from heart disease had no previous symptoms

-in the U.S., 7.2 million women have heart disease

-60% women realize heart disease is greatest threat but only 26% they're at risk (1 out of every 5 women)

-33% of all women ages 45-54 have CVD and may not know it

-disease progresses slowly

-death rates 50% higher among african american women compared to white

-death rates 30% higher in hispanic women compared to all other groups

women vs men

-more women die from heart disease each year

-women less likely to receive appropriate treatment following heart attack

-women more likely to die from heart attack

-menopause increases risk of heart attack (loss of estrogen which is a protective factor for heart)

-cells that make up heart muscle and cardiac simulation system are different in women and men

-women's symptoms not as predictable

risk factors

age, race, family history, smoking, elevated LDL, low HDL, high triglycerides, diabetes, high BP, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, menopause

high cholesterol

-too much LDL

-not enough HDL ***pushes through arteries, rids plaque

-women 20 and over should have cholesterol checked every 5 years, if at risk-every year

-high triglycerides due to diabetes, oral contraceptives, alcohol consumption, heart attack and stroke

-lower levels-lose weight, lower fat and sugar intake, decrease alcohol, exercise

-white women more likely to have high cholesterol than african american or hispanic women (genetic component)

high blood pressure (hypertension)

-often called silent killer, no symptoms, don't know it

-25% increased risk for heart disease

-1/3 adults in the U.S. (2/3 from new numbers) have high blood pressure

***110/70 new numbers, might be to influence people to eat better and exercise, alert the U.S. public to think about BP

-rate of high BP higher among african americans than white

-29% hispanic women have high BP, 31% white women have high BP

more risk factors

-lack of exercise-heart won't be strong, more likely to be overweight/obese

-smoking-vasoconstrictor, plaque in arteries, doesn't just damage lungs

**2-4x increase of heart attack, 2x increase risk of stroke, sudden clots, etc. secondhand smoke increases heart attack/stroke by 25%

-proper nutrition

-diabetes

-excess weight

****35 inches cut off for women, 40 for men

***menopause

-CVD rates 2-3x higher in women who have reached menopause compared to those who have not

heart attack

-myocardial infarction (MI)-lack of blood flow to heart for 20 minutes

-50% of heart attacks end in death if they don't get to a hospital

-women wait bc they don't think they're experiencing a heart attack

-2/3 women don't fully recover from having heart attack, more likely to have second heart attack within 5 years of first

-more lethal in women

-arterial spasm (under 20 minutes-very survivable)

other conditions

-coronary artery dissects out of nowhere, more treatable than heart attack

-broken heart syndrome-disruption in normal heart patterns, can stop heart, think its heart attack but not true

**both of these can follow a traumatic event in life (death in family, financial stress, etc.)

atypical signs and symptoms

indigestion, back pain, lousy feeling, breathlessness, fatigue, upper abdominal pressure, unusual fatigue, nausea, dizziness, pressure in center of chest-can spread to neck, shoulder, jaw, down arms

young women

-women of all ages should be concerned with heart

-know #s, healthy diet, keep stress levels healthy

-women under 40 not immune

-3rd leading cause of death among women aged 25-44 years

-young women may be engaging in behavior now that places than at risk for early onset heart disease

stroke

-brain deprived of blood flow and oxygen, usually due to blockage

-more women than men have strokes AND women are more likely to die from strokes-75% of all strokes are in women over age 65

4 types of stroke

1. ischemic-most common, 80% of all strokes, ruptured plaque

2. embolic-blood clot to brain, shuts off blood flow/oxygen

3. hemorrhagic-bleeding in brain, aneurysm that's leaking

4. transient ischemic attack-TIA, mini stroke, still a big deal, women with these more likely to have a different stroke that could kill them

stroke risk factors

-high BP

-smoking

-high cholesterol

-diabetes

-family history

-CAD

-sedentary lifestyle

stroke symptoms

**more subtle in women

-tingling in the face, slight headache, sudden numbness/weakness, trouble speaking, vision difficulty, balance/ coordination/ walking difficulty, dizziness, severe headache, difficulty swallowing

***Act FAST

F-Face: smile-does one side droop?

A-Arms: raise both-does one drift down?

S-Speech: repeat phrase-slurred/strange?

T-Time: if any call 9-1-1

stroke and disability

-right half of brain: creativity, short-term memory, walking certain path, can't gage distances, may engage in behavior that normally wouldn't (speaking out in public, etc.)

-left half of brain: logic, language, speech therapy

-cerebellum, or the part of the brain that controls balance/coordination can cause extreme dizziness, nausea, vomiting

what is cancer?

when abnormal cells grow out of control and form new abnormal cells, most form tumors

EXCEPT: leukemia, blood forming organs, uterine-different

prognosis:

***nature (aggressive, spreading?)

***stage (how quick was it caught, what stage?)

***location (operable?)

remission=cancer free for 5 years

named from where it originates

tumors

swelling part of body cause by an abnormal growth of tissue

**benign=stable, treatable, typically not life-threatening, encapsulated and localized

**malignant=cancerous, threatening to life, uncontrollable spreading, ability to metastasize

**metastasize=ability of cells to break away from tumor and spread, not encapsulated

malignancies

46 body sites and numerous cancers at each site (100+ different cancers)

most common:

carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia

carcinoma

cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of skin and lining of internal organs (basal, squamous, renal, etc.)

treatment depends on type and location: radiation, surgery, chemo

sarcoma

tumor occurring in bones and soft tissue

risk factors: radiation, family cancer syndromes, damaged lymph system, exposure to chemicals

found in connective tissues

less than 2% of new cancer diagnoses are sarcoma, very rare

lymphoma

cancer of the lymph nodes and lymphatic system, affects immune system

most common type of blood cancer

symptoms: enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, shortness of breath, fever, weight loss

leukemia

cancer of body's blood forming tissues including bone marrow and lymphatic system

bone marrow produces abnormal WBCs and they don't function properly

symptoms: fatigue, weight loss, infections, easy bruising

diagnosed with blood test

in-situ vs invasive

in-situ=early stage cancer, more treatable, more likely to survive, localized, doesn't spread, does not extend beyond point of origin

invasive-tending to spread, spreads into healthy tissue, invasive breast cancer most common, easily seen (ex: breast cancer)

1. What do the authors list as one of the most common health issues impacting the college student population?

depression

2. According to the article, why is depression among the college population frequently underdiagnosed?

do not perceive need for help or seek clinical services

4. What did the authors list as their 3 main goals/purposes for this research study?

1) describe displayed depression symptoms on Facebook profiles, including prevalence estimates

2) assess the prevalence of profiles whose display of symptoms met criteria for an MDE by applying standard DSM diagnostic criteria to 1 year of Facebook status updates

3) determine associations between displayed depression symptoms on Facebook and other demographic or Facebook use characteristics

5. What criteria did the researchers use to categorize a major depressive episode (MDE) when reviewing Facebook status updates?

Five or more depression symptoms must be present within status updates during the same 2-week period, and at least one of the symptoms had to be depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure to categorize a major depressive episode for this study

6. What percentage of the sample disclosed one or more depressive symptoms on Facebook?

25%

7. The authors suggest two main associations related to Facebook use for posting depressive symptom status updates - suggestions related to reasoning for the associations are also listed. What do the authors believe is the reasoning for the listed associations?

•Students who displayed more recent Facebook activity were more likely to display a reference to depression

oReasoning: Students experiencing depressive symptoms place greater investment in SNSs as a communication outlet for emotions

•References to depression were more commonly displayed on Facebook profiles in which a response by another Facebook user was generated

oReasoning: Those who receive reinforcement to a depression disclosure from their online friends may be more likely to discuss their depressive symptoms publicly on Facebook