biochem diagnostic exam

where does gluconeogenesis occur?

liver (when blood sugar is low)

how is hexokinase 1 regulated?

high concentration of its product, G6P

what is pI?

isoelectric point - pH net charge is 0

which amino acid forms urea?

arginine

technique used to make copies of genes for cloning

PCR - polymerase chain reaction

fluidity of membrane bilayer is decreased by:

addition of trans unsaturated fatty acids instead of cis (B)

restriction enzyme = DNA fragment recognition

palindrome - GAATTC or ACCGGT

intermediate in citric acid/krebs cycle and urea cycle

fumarate

what are ketogenic substrates?

fatty acids and amino acids (Lys, Leu)

cofactors in the citric acid/krebs cycle

NADH, GTP, FADH2

how would a weak acid inhibit ATP production in oxidative phosphorylation?

ATP production is driven by a proton motive force - weak acids disrupt the protons

which complex in the electron transport chain does NOT have proton translocation?

complex II - succinate-Q reductase

oxidation of fatty acids results in

acetyl CoA (B) — fed site CAC or gluconeogenesis as needed (?)

order for glycogen chain glucose incorporation

hexokinase —> phosphoglucomutase —> UDP —> glycogen synthase —> branching enzyme

which nucleotides lead to a higher melting temperature?

G and C

alkaline hydrolysis

nucleophilic substitution in which attacking NU is a hydroxide ion

what does a receptor agonist do?

which amino acids attach carbs to glycoproteins?

asparagine (N), threonine (T), serine (S)

pair of amino acids that act as N donors

glutamine (Q) and glutamate (E)

which amino acid (found) soluble protein surface?

glutamate (Glu) (E)

redox potential

0.05

in G proteins, which preceding step uses ATP?

GDP removed, GTP added, protein becomes active

what does the pentose phosphate pathway make and do after?

makes NADPH and pentose sugars

SDS-PAGE

-gives protein a negative charge

-protein moves based on mass

-smallest protein at the bottom

what enzymes can recognize fructose and where?

-hexokinase: not the liver

-fructokinase: liver

skip most regulated step (glycolysis 3, F6P—> F1,6BP)

disulfide —> cysteine thiol by DTT… what reaction?

reducing reaction

what is oxidative phosphorylation controlled by?

amount of ADP present

—oxidative phosphorylation produces about 30ATP per glucose

how many cycles of beta-oxidation are needed to metabolize a fatty acid?

count the carbons, divide by 2, then subtract 1

how is gluconeogenesis activated?

glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol

—pyruvate converted to PEP, regulated by acetyl CoA

pH acid (0.35M) sodium (0.65M)

4.02

—Henderson-Hasselbach method