finals poopy

How many states in the Confederacy?

11 states.

How many states in the Union

25 states.

Union Advantages

• Larger population and more states

• Larger armies and soldiers

• Greater railroad mileage and getting materials + people to battlefields

• Larger farm acreage meaning more food for fueling soldiers

• Higher manufacturing output meaning better and faster goods like clothing, guns, etc for the war

______________________ wins without a single electoral vote from the ____________

Lincoln; south

Lincoln said there would be no conflict unless the South ____________________ it

Provokes

Lincoln thinks that secession is ________________________

impractical; Who owns national debt? Federal territory? Enforce fugitive slave laws?

_____ states had left the Union by the time Lincoln took office in 1861

Seven

Fort Sumter: Seceding states seized ___________________________________________________

Federal arsenals, mints, and other public property within Confederacy borders

Lincoln chose to offer _________________________ (food supplies, not weapons) for the soldiers within the fort

provisions

In the eyes of Northerners, the ______________ had started the Civil War

South because they started the 34 hour bombardment on Fort Sumter

_______ states join the Confederacy

4 states

_________________________ becomes the capital of the Confederacy

Richmond, VA

Border states included ___________________________________________________

Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and later West Virginia

Lincoln wants border states to stay in the Union if not…

• It will double the South’s manufacturing

• Increase the South’s supply of horses and mules

• Give the South access to the Ohio River

South’s Advantages

• Defensive fight

• Don’t have to “win”, just survive

• “Moral advantage”

• Talented military officers

• Taught to fight at an early age

Northern Goals and Strategies

• Goal: Restore the union

• Capture Richmond

• Gain control of MR

• Naval blockade

Southern Goals and Strategies

• Goal: Continue as the Confederacy

• Seize DC

• DIsrupt communications

• Foreign alliances

1st Battle of Bull Run

• First major land battle

• Ended illusion of a quick war

• Boosted Confederate morale

• Encouraged Northerners to join the fight

• Lincoln called for additional 500,000 men

• Made reputation of Stonewall Jackson

Shiloh

• Taught both sides they had to send out scouts

• Dig trenches and build fortifications (Trench warfare)

• Demonstrated how bloody the war may become

• Made Union forces think they could succeed in cutting the Confederacy in two (Anaconda Plan)

2nd Battle of Bull Run

• Made Robert E. Lee’s reputation

• Crippled Union morale

• Led to the first Confederate invasion of the Union (Antietam)

Antietam

• Deadliest day in American history

• Ended Lee’s invasion of the North

• No foreign intervention from Britain on behalf of the Confederacy due to Union winning

• Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation

Fredericksburg

• Hurt Union morale

• Causes problems in Lincoln’s cabinet

• Sets up Chancellorsville for the Confederacy

Vicksburg

• Union Victory

• Split the confederacy by taking control of the MS river

• Turned the tide of the war in the Union

• Led to Grant taking control of all Union forces

Chancellorsville

• Stonewall Jackson died

• Revitalized the South’s morale

• Led to Lee’s invasion of PA (Gettysburg)

Gettysburg

• Turning point for the Union

• Stopped Lee’s invasion of the North

• Largest battle ever fought in North America

• Gettysburg Address

Fort Wagner

• Proved black soldiers were just as good of fighters as white soldiers

• Led to more recruitment of Black soldiers

• 54th Regiments of MA (All black regiment)

Sherman’s March

• Total war

• Caused significant damage to the South

• Boosted morale for the Union

• Freed enslaved people as he went

• Lincoln won re-election in 1864

Appomattox

• Lee surrendered to Grant (4/9/1865)

Congress passed a law __________________ African Americans to serve in the military

allowing

_____ of North’s population but ______ of Union army population

Black people were 1%; 10%

Black Discrimination in the army

• Separate regiments

• Commanded by white officers

• Could not rise above the rank of Captain

• Less pay than whites (Congress equalized it in 1864)

• Higher mortality rate (Disease, executed in the South)

Thousands of enslaved people sought freedom behind ____________ lines

Union

Enslaved people _______________________ by sabotaging work, breaking equipment, and neglecting livestock

resisted

In response, Southerners ____________________ slave patrols and spread __________________ about the Union army

tightened; rumors

Southern Economy

• Food shortage

• Prices skyrocketed; inflation was about (7000 %)

• Each state issued its own currency (money)

Northern Economy

• Most industries boomed

• Wages did not keep up with prices though; inflation 80%

• New national currency (paper money)

• Women got govt  jobs for the first time

• First national income tax 

Soldiers Suffer

• A lot of disease

• Army rations

• Clara Barton (Women nurses) helped to improve conditions

• War prisons were disgusting (No shelter, lack of food, not hygienic)

• Andersonville was considered the worst Confederate camp

  • Henry Wirz was executed as war criminal

Political Problems in Union

• Enforced martial law (sending in troops)

• Suspended of habeas corpus (the right to know the charges you’re being held for)

• Seizure of telegraph offices (to check for subversive messages)

• Arrest of Copperheads (Northern Democrats who wanted peace with the South)

• Conscription (draft)

Constitutional Crisis with Lincoln

• Ordered a blockade and enlarging army without Congress’ consent

• Suspended writ of habeas corpus

• “Supervised” voting in border states

• Closed newspapers, arrested newspaper editors

Election of 1864

• Democrat George McClellan vs. National Union Party Abraham Lincoln

• Lincoln won again (popular after Farragut captured Mobile Bay, Sherman took Atlanta, and Sheridan chased Confederates out of VA)

Anaconda Plan

• Three part plan to “suffocate” the South

• Blockade to stop exports and imports

• Split the south by taking control of the MR

• Capture the Capital Richmond and seize the govt

Ironclads

The duel between the North’s Monitor and the South’s Merrimack (Virginia) marked the end of wooden fighting ships.

Modern weaponry

Rifle and minie ball

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated Abraham Lincoln

Political Changes After War

• Homestead Act

• Morrill Land-Grant Act

• Federal power strengthens

• Thirteenth Amendment

• Lincoln’s Assassination

• New paper currency

• No more threat of secession

Homestead Act

Granted 160 acres to anyone (except Confederates) who paid a small filing fee and agreed to work on the land, improve it, and stay there for 5+ years (helped to settle 10% of the American West)

Morrill Land-Grant Act

Provided public lands and funds to establish colleges specializing in agriculture & engineering (ex: Cornell, MIT, Iowa State)

Social Changes

• Some military leaders continued their careers

• Some veterans returned to small towns/farms

• Some decided to move to cities for new opportunities

• Some decided to dedicate their life to a new cause after the war (Ex. Clara Barton)

• 600,000 men died during the war

• 500,000 were wounded

• Many veterans were amputated

• War disrupted soldier’s lives, educations, careers, and families

Economic Changes

• Government aided northern businesses

• Northern economy booms

• Entrepreneurs growing rich selling war supplies and agricultural tools

• Economic gap grew between north and south

• National Bank Act

• National Railroad system govt giving financial aid to build railroads

• Post war debt

National Bank Act

Set up federally chartered banks, set requirements for loans, installed bank inspections too promote investors

Differences Between North and South: North

• Industrialization: Factories, textiles, sewing machines, farm equipment, and guns

• Railroads: Carried raw goods east and settlers west

• Telegraphs: Instant communications throughout the north

• Population: Increased because of European immigrants working in the industries

• Anti-Slavery: Many anti-slave because it would compete with free labor/people working for wages and reduced the status is white workers who couldn’t compete with slaves

Differences Between North and South: South

• Agriculture: Rural society of plantations and small farms focusing on staple crops like cotton and rice

• Transportation: Mostly used rivers for transporting goods

• Population: Less immigrants than the north because African Americans were the workforce there. Most immigrants were anti-slavery

• Slavery: Slaves were vital for the Southern economy, so while they dominated in terms of population white slave owners fought to maintain slavery

Wilmot Proviso: Reactions

• North: Wanted the Proviso. Angry that Southerners won’t make internal improvements and scared adding slave territory would give slave states more members in Congress and wrong free workers

• South: Opposed the Proviso. Considered slaves as property and said property was protected by the Constitution. Didn’t want the North to gain more congressional power

California’s Statehood

• Due to gold rush, skipped territorial phase of becoming a state

• New Constitution forbade slavery

• Shocked Southerners because most of California was south of Missouri Compromise

• California’s admission as a free state made the South more tense about staying in the union and tensions between north and south

Secession

Formal withdrawal from the Union

Compromise of 1850

• Proposed by Henry Clay

• California admitted as a free state to please north

• Enforced fugitive slave law to please south

• Allowed NM and Utah residents popular sovereignty to vote for slavery

• Pay TX $10M to surrender claim to NM

• Slave sale banned in DC but slavery still continuing

Calhoun and Webster Debate

• Calhoun: Believed in states’ powers, supported slaveholding South, blamed sectionalism on the north abolitionists

• Webster: Argued slavery should not extend but then advocated for Clay’s compromise to maintain the union

Stephen A. Douglas

• Advocated for Compromise of 1850 after it was rejected by Senate

• Individually reintroduced each resolution separately as to allow the compromise to pass

Millard Fillmore

• Supported the compromise

• Last Whig president

Fugitive Slave Act

• Resulted in Anthony Burns’ return to slavery

• Mandated return escaped slaves back to their owners

• Fugitives not entitled to trial by jury or right to counsel nor testify on their own behalf

• Violated 6th amendment

• Federal commissioners who enforced the law received $10 free to return fugitive

• Those who freed the fugitives only received $5

• Alleged fugitives subject to a $1000 fine or imprisonment for 6 months or both

Personal liberty laws

• Laws passed by 9 northern states

• Forbade imprisonment of runaway slaves

• Guaranteed jury trials

• Lawyers dragged trials out to increase slave catchers’ expenses

• Enraged southern slave owners

Underground Railroad

• Free black people and white abolitionists helped fugitive slaves escape

• Conductors hid fugitives and escorted them to stations

Harriet Tubman

• Suffered from losing consciousness multiple times a day

• One of the most famous conductors of Underground Railroad

• Helped 300 slaves escape

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Appealed to Southern slave owners

• Abolitionists increased protests while Southerners criticized the books

Douglas’ Motivation for Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Douglas wanted a railroad between Chicago and San Francisco

• Southerners wanted it to start in Memphis or New Orleans

• Divided territory west of Iowa and Missouri into Nebraska and Kansas

• Also wanted to satisfy the people’s wishes to see west incorporated into the Union

• Unify the nation

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Proposed by Douglas on January 23, 1854

• Divide area into Nebraska and Kansas

• Would repeal Missouri Compromise

• Establish popular sovereignty in the territories

• Became a law in May 1854

Kansas Governments

• “Border ruffians” from Missouri came to Kansas and illegally voted for slavery

• They set up pro-slavery government at Lecompton

• Abolitionists set up a rival government in Topeka

The Sack of Lawrence

• Antislavery settlers founded a town named Lawrence

• Pro-slavery grand jury found Lawrence’s people as traitors and arrested them

• Proslavery force of 800 armed men went into Lawrence to carry out grand jury’s will and destroyed buildings, destroyed printing presses, looted houses and stores

The Pottawatomie Masscre

• John Brown and his followers pulled 5 men from their beds in pro-slavery settlements of Pottawatomie Creek

• Hacked off their hands and stabbed them

Bleeding Kansas

• Triggered by Pottawatomie Massacre

• Violent battlefield of pro-slavery in enacting revenge on Free-Soilers

Violence in Senate

• Anti-slavery senator Charles Summer verbally attacked colleagues for supporting slavery, including Senator Andrew Butler

• Senator Butler’s nephew, Preston S. Brooks attacked Summer with his cane

Franklin Pierce

• Division of Whig party over slavery led to him winning the election

• Democrat

Nativism

• Order of the Star-Spangled Banner was a secret organization who believed in nativism

• Favored native-born Americans over immigrants

Know-Nothing Party

• First known as American Party

• Believes in nativism

• Became an alternative party for the former whigs

• Its members were secretive, often responding with "I know nothing" when questioned about their activities.

• Primarily middle-class Protestants who were scared of Catholic immigrants

• Split over the issue of slavery

Free-Soil Party

• Opposed extension of slavery into territories

• Nominated Martin Van Buren

• The impact made it clear even if some Northerners didn’t support abolition, they opposed extension of slavery

Republican Party

• One of the founders was Horace Greeley

• Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Wanted to keep slavery out of territories

• Embraced a wide range of opinions

• Main competition was the Know-Nothing Party

John C. Fremont

• Mapped Oregon Trail and led troops into California

• Nominated by Republicans

• Ran in the Election of 1856

James Buchanan

• Nominated by Democrats

• Didn’t antagonize north or south

• Won the election of 1856

Dred Scott V. Sandford

• Slave from MIssouri who claimed he became free by living in free territory

• Roger B. Taney ruled that slaves did not have rights of citizens

• Further ruled Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Lecompton Constitution

• Pro-slavery government applied for admission to Union

• Outnumbered by Free-Soilers, constitution was rejected

• Buchanan endorsed Lecompton constitution

• Triggered Douglas who convinced Congress on a referendum on the constitution

Abraham Lincoln

• Ran for senator of Illinois

• Became Republican challenger against Douglas

• Self-educated

• Lawyer and politician

Lincoln Vs. Douglas

• Douglas: Believed in popular sovereignty, didn’t think slavery was immoral, believed it was backward labor system, believed popular sovereignty would allow slavery to be ceased

• Lincoln: Believe slavery was immoral, believed in legislation outlawing slavery

Freeport Doctrine

• Everyone knew Dred Scott decision said settlers could not exclude slavery from a territory before it became a state

• Douglas responded that slavery can only exist if supported by local police regulations

• Presented a way to get around the decision

Harpers Ferry

• John Brown and 21 men go into Harpers Ferry, Virginia

• Wanted to seize arsenal, arm slaves, and start a slave uprising

• No slaves came forward

• Brown was hanged for high treason

Lincoln vs Seward

• Senator Seward had credentials of leading anti-slavery forces, financial support of NY organizations, and wanted to be the center of attention

• Seward thought to be candidate for presidency

• Lincoln seemed more moderate and won as candidate

Election of 1860

• Northern Democrats had Douglas

• Southern Democrats had John C. Breckinridge

•  Constitutional Union Party nominated John Bell

• Republicans had Lincoln

• Lincoln won election of 1860

Southern States Secede

• South Carolina seceded from the Union on December 20th, 1860 over fear of being overpowered by the North

• Missisppi seceded on January 9th, 18611 and Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed

Confederacy

• Delegates of the secessionist states formed the Confederate States of America

Jefferson Davis

Unanimously elected president of the Confederacy with Alexander Stephens as VP

Samuel F. B. Morse

• Built electromagnetic telegraph

• Telegraph allowed for businesses to transmit orders and relay info

• Railroads used telegraphs to keep trains moving and warn engineers of safety hazards

America before market revolution

• American workers produced their own goods

• Traded with neighbors

• Farm families were self-sufficient

Specialization

• Focusing on a single product or service

• Farmers shifting from self-sufficiency to raising one or two cash crops

Market Revolution

• People buy and sell goods instead of making them

• Great economic growth

• Created interdependence throughout the regions

• Caused by: Industrialization

• Workers spent money made at factories on goods made by other factories workers

Capitalism

• Private businesses and individuals control the means of productions (Factories, machine, and land)

• Controlling means to earn profit

Entrepreneurs

• People who risked their money in new industries

Charles Goodyear

• Created vulcanized rubber in 1938

• Allowed rubber to not be ruined in weather conditions

• Used in boots, and now automobile tires

Elias Howe

• Created the sewing machine in 1846

• Increased efficiency in textile industry

• Allowed for the factory production of clothing

• People could afford to buy store-bought clothes

How did the price of manufactured items change in the market revolution?

• Manufactured items became cheaper

• Technology lowered expenses

• More workers could more easily buy goods

Robert Fulton

• Created the steam boat

• Improved water transportation

• Ships could make return trips