Cell Organelles Review (Science 1B)

Organelle answers are SINGULAR

Cell (plasma) membrane

Semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that controls what go in and out of a cell,

Cytoplasm (cytosol)

Jelly-like material that fills the cell + gives the cell shape, contains ions/small molecules + macromolecules

Nucleus

Holds and protects the DNA and controls the cell’s activities,

only in eukaryotic cells

Cytoskeleton

fibers that support the cell membrane + give overall shape + provide tracks of transport for vesicles + plays role in movement

Ribosomes

make proteins, gets orders via mRNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum

network of membranous tubules off of the nucleus, modifies proteins + makes lipids, proteins fold here

ROUGH ER HAS RIBOSOMES, SMOOTH ER DOESN’T (focus: lipid synthesis)

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, packages and transports molecules the cell makes (short chains of sugar or phosphate groups may be added/removed)

Mitochondria

makes cell energy (ATP) from chemical energy fro fuels (via cellular respiration)

Chloroplast

performs photosynthesis (converts light energy —> chemical energy)

Eukaryotic cell organelles

membrane-bound nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, DNA in linear chromosome pattern

Prokaryotic cell organelles

Free-floating DNA + organelles, singular circular chromosomes

animal cell organelles

Nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus, ribosomes, rough + smooth er, vacuole, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, lysosome, plasma membrane

Vacuole

stores water, waste, hazardous materials, enzymes breaking down macromolecules + cellular components (similar to lysosome), typically containing fluid to balance the pressure in cells, also used for movement (contractile vacuole)

Nucleolus

area inside the nucleus of a cell that is made up of RNA and proteins and is where ribosomes are made

plant cell organelles

Rough + smooth er, cell wall, plasma membrane, central vacuole, chloroplast, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, nucleolus, nuclear envelope

Lysosome

contains digestive enzymes, breaks down unnecessary structures to be reused, digest foreign particles through phagocytosis (section of macrophage’s plasma membrane engulfs pathogen)

Cell Wall

made of carbohydrates (molecules secreted by cell ex: cellulose), rigid covering outside of cell membrane, protects, supports, shapes

eukaryote examples

fungi, algae (mostly), animal cells, protists

Autotroph

category of organisms ble to make their own glucose

Mixotroph

category of organisms that can make glucose or bring food into cells

Heterotrophs

organisms that bring food into their cells uning phagocytosis

Phagocytosis definition

process where living cells (called phagocytes) ingest/engulf other cells + particles

Photosynthesis formula

sunglight + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

cellular respiration formula

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + ATP

prokaryote examples

bacteria