Week 3: Epidemiology & Understanding Rates

BEHAVIORAL LEARNING THEORY

-use of reinforcement methods to change learning habits

-give them a cookie bc they did it

cognitive theory

-use of sensory input and repetition to change pattern of thought and change behavior

-A person learning a new route to work creates a mental map using landmarks and directions. Over time and always walking to work, they remember and adjust the route based on experience. This shows learning through thinking, memory, and understanding

critical theory

-conversation ongoing to give ideas and change thoughts and thinking

-A student questions why some people get more opportunities than others and starts a conversation challenging unfair social systems to change thoughts and thinking

developmental

use of techniques specific to learners developmental stage to determine readiness to learn and impart knowledge (age based)

humanistic theory

-assist them to grow by emphasizing emotions and relationships and believe that free choice prompts them to take action in their own best interest

-let people learn from their own mistakes

social learning theory

links info to beliefs and values to change or shift expectations

-a student thought they cant be a nurse but saw their friend succeed and become a nurse When individuals observe others' experiences, the new information influences their beliefs and values, leading to a shift in expectations about what is possible for them.

visual learnner

-vision, seeing, videos, presentations, note taking, power point

-think in pictures

auditory learner

learn through verbal discussion, lectures and reading aloud

-through listening

-reading aloud

-interpret meaning while listening

tactile kinetic

Learn through doing and methods such as trial and error, hands-on approaches, and return demonstration. These learners gain "meaning through exploration."

health literacy

-consider needs and levels when developing interventions

-who do you teach? what do they know?

-what do you need to teach them

-dont wanna teach what they know and dont wanna be on too high of a level

-look at persons ability to understand health info

domains of learning

cognitive, affetive, psychcomotor

cognitive domain

-involves knwoledge and development of intellectual skills

-talking and lecturing (just the discussion part not the skill)

affective domain

Involves a change in attitude and development of values; for example, a client expresses acceptance of having a colostomy and maintains self-esteem.

-more about feeling and attitude

Psychomotor domain

involves the performance of a skill; for example, the community nurse teaches a client how to self-administer insulin.

-return demo

steps to teaching

-identify population

-identify needs

-assess what they already know

-assess readiness to lean

-pick a theory (behavioral for kids)

-indentify learning style

-indentify barrier

-deisgn educational program

-create smart goals

give educational material at

6-8 grade reading level so everybody can understand

objectives for goals

-short and long term

-short term-by end of shift

-long-by discharge

Defining Epidemiology

-Study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human populations

-used as a research methodology for studying states of health and illness

-also used as a body of knowledge that results from the study of a specific state of health or illness

Why it is important

•Individual and community assessments, using epidemiologic principles, form the database that provides the evidence and rationale for interventions.

Development of Epidemiology as a Science

Florence Nightingale devoted her life to the prevention of needless illness and death. (Nurse and Epidemiologist)

•Epidemiologic triad

3 things

host: succeptable person or organism (immunocompromised)(age)(genetics)

agent: what the person is in contact with (drug,poison, toxin, noise,virus,bacteria, high ir low temps)

environment: physical or social

wheel of causation

host at center and has social, physical or biological risk, patient has genetic core

natural hx of disease

prepathogensisis, pathogenesis, or resolution (each with prevention level)

Applying Epidemiologic Principles in Practice

•Assessment of health needs and assets

-Individual assessment

-Community assessment

•Using assessment data for planning and implementing interventions

•Promoting healthy lifestyles

•Preventing and controlling outbreaks

•Contributing to a safe and healthy environment

•Evaluating the effectiveness of health services

•Mortality rate

death rate

•Morbidity rate

disease/illness rate (how many ppl are affected)

Prevalence rate

All cases of that specific disease

INCIDENCE RATE

NEW CASES (must be defined)

(part of total prevelence)

1. A state public health region reports the following:

40 new cases of Kawasaki in children 5-years-old and younger to date this year; 27,000 of the

population are 5 years old and younger.

The public health nurse (PHN) recognizes that the incidence per 10,000 of meningitis in this

region thus far for the current year is:

a. 14.81 per 10,000

b. 15 per 100,000

c. 1.48 per 10,000

d. 14.81 per 100,000

40 (incidence)/27,000= 0.0014814

0.0014814 x10,000= 14.81 per 10,000

endemic

expected level of disease in an area (predicted malaria in africa)

epidemic

over the expected prevalence (over the usual amount in africa)

pandemic

worldwide problem (malaria spreads over the world)

Vertical transmission

occurs through the sperm, placenta, vaginal contact during birth, or consuming human milk.

Horizontal transmission

occurs through contact with a person or objects the person has touched, the air, contaminated body fluids, food, and water (common vehicle), or living creatures like mosquitoes and snails (vectors).

The Zika virus is an example of an infectious pathogen than can be transmitted

vertically from mother to fetus or horizontally by contact with blood or secretions during sexual activity and by vector transmission through mosquito bite.

vector transmission

transmission of an infectious agent by an insect, arthropod, or animal

airborne

My chicken hez tb

measles, VZ, Herpes, tb

-small particles less than 3 mm and stay in air

-neg pressure room

Herd immunity:

Protection due to the immunity of most community members making exposure unlikely (vax most ppl)

Natural immunity:

-Natural defense mechanisms of the body to resist specific antigens or toxins

-active or passive

aquired immunity

-Resistance acquired by the host through actual exposure to the infectious agent

-active or passive

Active:

Production of antibodies by the body in response to infection or vaccination with a specific antigen (natural:gets sick) (aquired:vaccine)

-your body needs to make the antibodies

passive

Transfer of antibodies to the host either trans placentally from mother to newborn (natural passive) or through transfusions of immunoglobulins, plasma proteins, antitoxins (aquired passive)

-you are give antibodies

HIV/immunocompromised ppl doing tb skin test

if they have induration of 5 mm or more they are positive

for reg tb test person with no risk

15 mm or more is positive

for tb test reg person with risk

10 mm or more is positive

airborne:

particles transmitted by air to susceptible host via droplets or particles.

• Measles [airborne isolation precautions]

• Chickenpox [airborne isolation precautions]

• Tuberculosis (pulmonary or laryngeal) [airborne isolation precautions]

DROPLET

• COVID-19 [airborne isolation precautions]

• Pertussis [droplet isolation precautions]

• Influenza [droplet isolation precautions]

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [droplet isolation precautions]

• Common cold

Food borne

• Food infection (bacterial, viral, parasitic infection of food)

◦ Norovirus

◦ Salmonellosis

◦ Hepatitis A

◦ Trichinosis

◦ Escherichia coli (E. coli)

• Food intoxication (toxins produced through bacterial growth, chemical contamination, or disease-producing substances)

◦ Staphylococcus aureus

◦ Clostridium botulinum

water borne diseases

Illnesses caused by contaminated water sources.

-cholera

-hep a

directly observed therapy

ppl with tb

dot: wanna make sure they stick to their meds 6-12 mo observations