Russia’s agricultural economy by 1914

Describe farming before 1906

Farming was small scale by former serfs tied to land

War impact on improvement

Limited

How did hereditary land ownership by peasants increase 1905-15

20% to almost 50%

How much did grain production rise by 1900-14

56 to 90 million tonnes

By 1909 what was russia the world leading exporter of

Cereal

When was a particularly good harvest

1913

Who encouraged emigration

Stolypin

How many people emigrated from over-populated rural districts of south and west to siberia

3.5 million

How did emigration help siberia

Helped it become a major agricultural reigion specialising in dairy and cereal by 1915

By 1913 how many applicants for the consolidation and hereditary tenure of individual farms had been dealt with

1.3 million out of 5 million

By 1914 how much land had been transferred from communal to private ownership

10%

By 1914 what % of landholdings were still in traditional strips with conservative peasants

90%

Why did peasants not want change

Reluctant to give uop traditional practice and the security that the mir provided for them

Issue with dividing up land concerning land owners

Reluctant to give up land and difficulties dividing common land created legal battles

What % of land remained with nobility

50

How many achieved kulak status

Likely less than 1%

What were peasants who didnt become kulaks doing

Forced to leave farms and join bans of migrant labourers for seasonal farm work or industrial employment

What did stolypin say

‘Suppression first and then, and only then, reform’

How did mir limit change (pre 1906)

Conservative

When was gov initiative to sonsor emigration and why

1896 - to move people to new agricultural settlements in siberia which were opened up by railway

How successful was gov initiative to increase emmigration

Insufficient

When was stolypin made minister of internal affairs

1906

What did the subdivision of estates cause in average landholdings? (1877-1905)

35 acres in 1877 - 28 in 1905

Aims of stolypin

• peasants to become permanent landowners,

• no mir,

• redistribute noble land

What happened to mir in 1903

Mir Responsibility to pay taxes on behalf of all peasant in village removed

When was more state and crown land available for peasants to buy

Sept 1906

What were gov subsidies given to encouage

Migration and settlement in siberia increased

When were peasants granted equal rights in local administration

Oct 1906

When were peasants given right to leave commune

Nov 1906

When was collective ownership of land by damily abolished

Nov 1906

By nov 1906 what could peasants do with land

Withdraw it from commune and consolidate the scattered land

What were the two consolidated holdings forms

Otrub and khutor

What was khutor

Where the owner lived on land with own house separate from village

What was otrub

Owner has land in one unit but lived in village with rights of access to communal pastures and woods

Role of land organisation committees

Set up with representatives elected by peasants to supervise the chnages with land

When were land organisation commissions fully operative

After 3rd duma 1910

When was peasant land bank set uo

Nov 1906

Role of peasant land bank

Established to help peasants fund their land ownership

When were redemption payments officially abolished

1.1.1907

When were all communes which hadnt been redistributed since 1961 dissolved

6.1910