Pharmacology General and Special Principles Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering the key pharmacological terms, drug mechanisms, indications, and side effects found in the lecture notes.

Pharmacodynamics

The study of the localization and mechanisms of drug action.

Pharmacokinetics

The study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion from the body.

Enteral route

A route of drug administration through the digestive tract, such as taking a drug inside (orally).

Passive diffusion

The main mechanism of absorption for most drugs in the digestive tract.

Parenteral route

A route of drug administration that bypasses the digestive tract, such as intravenous injection (to vienna).

Conjugation

Metabolic processes involving reactions like glucuronidation, where drugs are coupled with endogenous substances.

Affinity

The ability of a medicinal substance to bind to specific receptors.

Internal activity

The ability of a drug to stimulate a receptor and cause specific effects upon interaction.

Tachyphylaxis

A fast decrease in response or 'fast addictive' state resulting from repeated administration of a drug.

Antagonists

Substances that have affinity for specific receptors but no internal activity, thereby interfering with the action of agonists.

Partial agonists

Substances that cause a reaction less than the maximum possible when stimulating specific receptors.

Idiosyncrasy

An unusual reaction to a drug associated with genetically determined enzymopathy, occurring at the first administration.

Material accumulation

The buildup of a medicinal substance in the body during repeated administration.

Addictive (Tolerance)

A reduction in the effect of a medicinal substance with repeated administration.

Teratogenic effect

Adverse drug effects on fetal development, most likely occurring in the first 3 months of pregnancy.

Naloxone

A drug used as an antagonist to treat an overdose of morphine or other opioid analgesics.

Lidocaine

A local anesthetic drug used for various types of anesthesia.

Pilocarpine

An M-cholinomimetic drug used for glaucoma that reduces intraocular pressure by facilitating the outflow of intraocular fluid.

Neostigmine methyl sulfate (Proserin)

A reversible anticholinesterase agent that inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase to increase muscle tone.

Atropine

An M-holinoblocker that causes pupil dilation (mydriasis) and increases intraocular pressure.

Tubocurarine

A group of drugs known as antidepolarizing muscle relaxants that block neuromuscular transmission.

Suxamethonium iodide (Ditilin)

A depolarizing muscle relaxant that causes persistent depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

An alpha, beta-adrenomimetic used for anaphylactic shock, cardiac arrest, and the relief of asthma attacks.

Salbutamol (Ventolin)

A beta2-adrenomimetic used mainly for bronchial dilation to stop asthma attacks.

Prazosin

An alpha1-adrenoblocker that reduces blood pressure by dilating arterial vessels.

Propranolol (Anaprilin)

A non-selective beta1, beta2-adrenoblocker that reduces the strength and rate of heart contractions.

Ketamine

An intravenous anesthetic causing 'dissociative anesthesia' with a pronounced analgesic effect.

Diazepam

A benzodiazepine receptor agonist used as a hypnotic (sleeping pill) and anxiolytic.

Morphine

An opioid analgesic that stimulates opioid receptors, causes miosis (pupil constriction), and can lead to drug addiction.

Paracetamol

A non-opioid central action analgesic that inhibits cyclooxygenase for antipyretic effects without anti-inflammatory action.

Acetylsalicylic acid

An NSAID that inhibits cyclooxygenase, acts as an antiplatelet agent, and can cause gastric ulceration.

Levodopa

An antiparkinsonian agent that acts as a precursor to dopamine in the central nervous system.

Chlorpromazine (Aminazine)

An antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drug that blocks D2-dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic system.

Amitriptyline

A tricyclic antidepressant that nonselectively inhibits the neuronal capture of monoamines.

Piracetam

A nootropic agent used to improve thinking and memory by influencing energy processes in neurons.

Aminophylline (Eufillin)

A bronchodilator that acts through myotropic antispasmodic action.

Codeine

An antitussive remedy that suppresses cough by a direct depressing effect on the cough center.

Cardiac glycosides

Drugs that increase the strength of heart contractions by blocking $Na, K$-ATPase.

Verapamil

A calcium channel blocker antiarrhythmic agent effective for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.

Nitroglycerin

An antianginal agent used to relieve angina attacks by reducing myocardial oxygen demand via reduced preload.

Enalapril

A hypotensive agent that belongs to the group of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.

Spironolactone

A potassium-sparing diuretic that act as an aldosterone antagonist.

Furosemide

A high-performance diuretic used for forced diuresis and pulmonary edema, characterized by rapid action.

Ranitidine

An H2-histamine receptor blocker used to reduce the secretion of gastric juice in peptic ulcers.

Heparin

A direct-acting anticoagulant that inactivates thrombin in the blood; the antidote for overdose is protamine sulfate.

Warfarin

An indirect anticoagulant that inhibits the synthesis of prothrombin and proconvertin in the liver.

Oxytocin

A peptide hormone that increases the tone and contractile activity of the myometrium to stimulate labor.

Desmopressin

A hormonal peptide used for diabetes insipidus by regulating water reabsorption in the collecting tubes.

Glucocorticoids

Hormones like prednisone that exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and immunosuppressive effects.

Tetracyclines

Broad-spectrum antibiotics that disrupt protein synthesis on bacterial ribosomes.

Ciprofloxacin

An antimicrobial agent belonging to the fluoroquinolone group, used for urinary tract infections.

Sulfonamides

Antimicrobial agents that act through competitive antagonism with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA).

Isoniazid

A highly active anti-tuberculosis agent that disrupts the synthesis of mycolic acids.

Acyclovir

An antiviral drug effective against herpes infection by inhibiting DNA polymerase.

Nystatin

A polyene antifungal antibiotic used for candidamycosis that violates cell membrane permeability.

Metronidazole

A derivative of nitroimidazole effective against amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, and Helicobacter pylori.

Cyclophosphamide

An alkylating agent used for the treatment of malignant neoplasms.

Methotrexate

An antimetabolite used for malignant neoplasms by antagonizing folic acid to suppress DNA synthesis.