BIO FINAL

Vocabulary flashcards identifying the key names and terms recorded in the provided lecture notes.

ATP stands for what?

Adenine triphosphate

How does ATP release energy?

By releasing the 3rd phosphate

How do heterotrophs obtain energy

They obtain energy through food and consumption

How do autotrophs obtain energy?

Use light from the sun aka photosynthesis

How is ADP like an uncharged phone?

Recharges into ADP

What is energy from the sun converted into during photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Glucose and ATP

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O yields sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2

What factors affect photosynthesis

Sunlight, water, temperature , and carbon dioxide

What are pigments and what pigment is used in photosynthesis?

They are light absorbing molecules and chlorophyll is used

Where is chlorophyll found?

Thylakoid membrane

Where does photosynthesis take place?

In the chloroplasts

What are the two reactions of photosynthesis?

Light reactions and light dependent reactions

Autotrophs are also known as…

Producers

What are the 5 parts that make up the chloroplasts?

Outer and inner membrane, granum, thylakoid, and stroma

What is cellular respiration?

A process that releases energy from glucose to produce ATP for our cells

What type of respirations are there?

Aerobic and anaerobic

Which respiration requires oxygen

Aerobic

What are the three steps to aerobic respiration?

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC

What are the two types of anaerobic respiration? (Fermentation)

Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

Who performs lactic acid fermentation and what are the products?

Humans and the products are ATP, NAD, and lactic acid

Who performs alcoholic fermentation and what are the products?

Yeast/bacteria and the products are co2 and Ethonal(alcohol)

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

What are the three functions of DNA

Store genetic information, replicate genetic material, and create proteins

What is transcription and where does it take place?

The process of copying genetic material into a RNA strand and takes place in the nucleus

What is translation, where does it occur and what kind of RNA is used?

Process where the cell builds proteins, occurs in the ribosome, and mRNA is used

What are codons?

3 nucleotides

What associates with DNA?

Replicate this TAC TGA ACT

AUG, ACU, UGA

Translate AUG ACU UGA

Met, thr, stop

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

Telophase, metaphase, prophase, and anaphase

What kind of cells get created and how many of them in mitosis?

Two cells with identical genetics

What kind of cells get created and how many in meiosis?

Sex linked trait cells and there are 4 of them

Why is crossing over important?

It's important to have genetic differentation

When does crossing over take place?

Prophase 1

What is an allele?

Different forms of a gene, for each gene there are at least two alleles

What are Mendels two laws of genetics?

The princeable of dominance and independent assortment

What do punnett squares show?

Possible geno and phenotype combinations

What is incomplete dominance?

One allele is not completely dominant over the other (blended appearance)

What is co dominance? Ex: zebra

Both alleles contribute to the phenotype