mod 3 anatomy test

Neural pathways in this major portion of the brain connect parts of the nervous system and regulate visceral activities

brainstem

The _________ nerves conduct impulses to the muscle fibers of the diaphragm, while the __________ plexuses supply the arm, forearm, and hand.

phrenic

brachial

The (CHOOSE: parasympathetic or sympathetic) division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for fight-or-flight, while the (CHOOSE: parasympathetic or sympathetic) division is most active under restful conditions.

sympathetic

parasympathetic

Which class of receptors is stimulated by changes in pressure or movement of fluids?

mechanoreceptors

What is the name for the structure that allows nerve impulses to rapidly hop?

nodes of ranvier

In females, which hormone plays a role in releasing an egg, and which hormone stimulates uterine contractions during the late stages of childbirth?

luteinizing hormone

oxytocin

Synaptic vesicles will fuse to the synaptic knob's membrane in the presence of which ion?

calcium ions

Which ion flows into the neuron to begin an action potential?

sodium ions

Painkillers for sharp pain are _____________, while painkillers for milder pain are ____________.

enkephalins

endorphins

The _____________ plexuses have axons that extend into the pelvic cavity, and the __________ plexuses supply the skin and muscles of the neck.

sacral

cervical

Referred pain happens because which part of the brain incorrectly interprets the source of pain?

somatosensory cortex

Which nerves are most involved in conducting impulses to muscles of the tongue during speaking, chewing, and swallowing?

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

What is the name of the mucous membrane that covers the anterior surface of the eyeball?

conjunctiva

Nerve cells that conduct signals are _________, while cells that give nerve cells support and protection are called ___________,

neurons

neuroglia

The (CHOOSE: autonomic or somatic) nervous system controls subconscious activities, and the (CHOOSE: autonomic or somatic) nervous system plays a role in conscious activities.

autonomic

somantic

(CHOOSE: Motor or Sensory) nerves conduct impulses to the brain or spinal cords, and

(CHOOSE: motor or sensory) nerves conduct impulses to muscles or glands.

sensory

motor

The (CHOOSE: parasympathetic or sympathetic) division of the autonomic nervous system causes salivation at the sight of food, while the (CHOOSE: parasympathetic or sympathetic) division causes an increase in blood pressure when agitated.

parasympathetic

sympathetic

Sacs that release neurotransmitters are called synaptic __________, and the functional connections between two neurons are called __________.

vesicles

synapses

The cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve conducts impulses associated with which sense?

hearing

Tiny structures that contain hair cells that are receptors for static equilibrium are ________, and _________ house the sensory receptors for dynamic equilibrium.

maculae

cristae ampullaris

Which nerves are the largest cranial nerves?

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

The __________ is the part of the diencephalon that channels sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex, and the ______________ is the part that links the nervous and endocrine systems.

thalamus

hypothalamus

The ______ occupies the full thickness of the brainstem, and the __________ is the short section of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons.

pons

midbrain

The ______ mater is the outermost, tough layer of the meninges, while the ___________ mater contains the cerebrospinal fluid.

dura

arachnoid

Which cranial nerves are associated with the sense of smell?

olfactory nerve (CN I)

The ______ is the colored portion of the eye that acts as a diaphragm, and the _______ ___________ is a depression in the middle of the retina responsible for sharp vision.

iris

fovea centralis

Cells that provide a protective coat around the cell bodies of peripheral neurons are _________ cells, and the ____________ sheath regenerates peripheral axons when they are damaged.

satellite

myelin

The ___________ nervous system controls effectors that are involuntary, and the _________ nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

autonomic

central

The release of ___________ into the hypothalamus promotes alertness, and low levels of ________________ can cause depression because it creates a sense of feeling good.

norepinephrine

serotonin

When the head stays still, we are in ________ equilibrium, and when we suddenly move, we shift to _________ equilibrium.

static

dynamic

The _________ areas of the cerebrum produce feelings, while the ________ serves as a crossroad to appropriate emotional responses.

limbic system

prefrontal cortex

Which organ has a dual function as an exocrine and endocrine gland?

pancreas

Photoreceptors that provide color vision are _______, and photoreceptors that provide vision in shades of gray without color are ______.

cones

rods

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

12 pairs

The ________ _______ contains the hearing receptors, and the __________ __________ is also known as the eardrum.

spiral organ

tympanic membrane

The (CHOOSE: axons or dendrites) receive information from other neurons, and the (CHOOSE: axons or dendrites) send impulses away from other neurons.

dendrites

axons

The primary motor areas of the cerebral cortex lie in the _________ lobes.

frontal

Which fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord, playing a major protective role?

cerebrospinal fluid

The outer, funnel-like structure of the ear is the _________, and the bones that bridge the eardrum and inner ear are the auditory __________.

auricle

auditory ossicles

What is the name of the peptide hormone secreted by fat cells that targets the brain in the long-term regulation of food intake?

leptin

Pain is a (CHOOSE: perception or sensation), but realizing you stepped on a tack is a (CHOOSE: perception or sensation).

sensation

perception

Nerves and muscle cells can rapidly change their internal charge into the (CHOOSE: negative or positive) range to fire an action potential.

positive

Which major portion of the brain is a reflex center that maintains posture?

cerebellum

Which brainstem structure controls breathing rate and helps with sleep regulation?

medulla oblongata

In an action potential (CHOOSE: depolarization or repolarization) occurs when the charge inside the neuron becomes positive, and (CHOOSE: depolarization or repolarization) occurs when the neuron returns to resting potential.

depolarization

repolarization

The slender column of nervous tissue that passes downward from the brain into the vertebral column is the ________ ______, while the _______ ________ is the structure formed from spinal nerves in the lower lumbar and sacral regions.

spinal cord

cauda equina

The ________ nerves act to stimulate secretions of the tear glands and salivary glands.

parasympathetic

What are the receptors for pain called?

nociceptors

List the nerves that are part of the brachial plexuses.

Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, and Ulnar nerves (C4-C7 and T1)

The neuron conducting the impulse to the synapse is the (CHOOSE: postganglionic or preganglionic) neuron, and the neuron that receives the input is the (CHOOSE: postganglionic or preganglionic) neuron.

preganglionic

postgangionic

Which hormone stimulates cells to enlarge and divide more frequently, and which hormone reduces the volume of water that the kidneys excrete?

growth hormone

antidiuretic hormone

What is the largest part of the brain?

cerebrum

Which part of the eye focuses entering light rays, and which part of the eye contains the photoreceptors?

lens

retina

The organs of the endocrine system are called ________, and the chemical messengers are called __________.

glands

hormones

What are the special organs of taste?

taste buds

What is the name of the concept that explains why we get used to the cold water in a swimming pool?

sensory adaptations

The autonomic motor fibers of which nerve innervate the heart and smooth muscles?

vagus nerve

__________ is the hormone that raises blood sugar concentration, and _________ is the hormone that lowers it.

glucagon

insulin

Which nerves enter the spaces between the ribs and supply impulses to upper abdominal muscles?

intercostal nerves