Unit 3

What is achieved status?

Achieved status is a social position that an individual attains through their own actions, choices, skills, or accomplishments.

What does apartheid refer to?

Apartheid is a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s.

What is ascribed status?

Ascribed status is social status that is assigned to an individual at birth or based on inherent characteristics such as race, gender, or family background.

Define the caste system.

The caste system is a social hierarchy where individuals are born into a specific social group or caste that determines their social status, occupation, and interactions within society.

What is the class system?

The class system is a system of stratification based on socioeconomic factors, such as income, education, and occupation.

What characterizes a closed system?

A closed system is a social system in which mobility between social classes is limited or nonexistent.

What is horizontal mobility?

Horizontal mobility is movement within the same social stratum, such as changing jobs at a similar level of skill and pay.

What does intergenerational mobility refer to?

Intergenerational mobility refers to changes in social status between different generations of a family.

Define social mobility.

Social mobility is the ability of individuals or families to move up or down in social class or status over time.

What defines an open system?

An open system is a social system that allows for social mobility and movement between social classes.

What is social justice?

Social justice is the concept of fair and impartial treatment of all individuals in society regarding the distribution of resources, rights, and opportunities.

How is social class defined?

Social class is a division of society based on socioeconomic factors such as income, occupation, and education.

What is meritocracy?

Meritocracy is a system in which individuals advance based on their abilities, achievements, and merit rather than factors like social class or wealth.

What characterizes the upper class?

The upper class is typically characterized by significant wealth, power, and influence.

How is the middle class defined?

The middle class is the socioeconomic class between the upper and working classes, often characterized by moderate income, education, and professional occupations.

What defines the working class?

The working class consists of individuals who perform manual labor or blue-collar work, often with lower income and limited job security.

What is the lower class?

The lower class is the socioeconomic class with the lowest income, limited access to resources, and often faces economic hardships.

What do LICOs stand for?

LICOs stands for Low-Income Cutoffs, a measure used in Canada to define the income threshold below which a family or individual is considered to be in low income.

What is the minimum wage?

Minimum wage is the lowest wage that employers are legally required to pay workers for their labor.

Define wealth.

Wealth is the total assets and resources owned by an individual or household, including property, savings, and investments.

What is absolute poverty?

Absolute poverty is the lack of basic necessities such as food, shelter, and clothing needed for survival.

What does justice refer to in a societal context?

Justice refers to the principle of fairness and equity in the application of laws and the distribution of resources in society.

What is relative poverty?

Relative poverty is a condition where individuals or families lack the resources and income needed to maintain the average standard of living in their society.

Define deviance.

Deviance is behavior that violates social norms, values, or expectations.

What is social control?

Social control is the mechanisms, practices, and institutions used to regulate and enforce conformity to societal norms and expectations.

What are formal sanctions?

Formal sanctions are official consequences or punishments imposed by institutions or authorities for violations of rules or laws.

What are informal sanctions?

Informal sanctions are unofficial, often non-legal consequences for behavior that deviates from social norms.

What is internal and social control?

Internal control refers to the processes through which individuals regulate their own behavior, and social control refers to how society regulates behavior through norms, laws, and institutions.

Define crime.

Crime is behavior that is deemed illegal by a society and punishable by law.

What are members of the court system?

Members of the court system include individuals involved in the legal system, such as judges, lawyers, jurors, and other officials who administer justice.

What differentiates the criminal justice system from restorative justice?

The criminal justice system is punitive and focuses on punishing offenders, whereas restorative justice emphasizes repairing harm and involving victims, offenders, and the community.

What tactics are used by the police?

Police tactics include strategies to maintain public order, prevent crime, and enforce laws, such as surveillance, community policing, and use of force.

What are the types of crime?

Crimes can include violent crime, property crime, white-collar crime, organized crime, and cybercrime.

Who are likely offenders based on crime types?

Offender profiles may vary but generally include youth for property crimes and males for violent crimes.

What are types of social justice movements?

Social justice movements address inequalities such as racial justice, gender equality, LGBTQ+ rights, and economic justice.

What are theoretical explanations of deviance?

These theories include strain theory, social learning theory, labeling theory, control theory, and conflict theory.

What factors affect inequality?

Inequality can be influenced by economic disparities, educational opportunities, social mobility, discrimination, and institutional biases.

What does social stratification resulting from income inequality involve?

Living on minimum wage often leads to financial insecurity and limited access to healthcare, education, and challenges in achieving upward social mobility.

What distinguishes social classes?

Social classes are hierarchical divisions based on income, wealth, occupation, education, and social status.

What are the theoretical explanations of social inequalities?

These include functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and intersectionality.

What factors determine deviant behavior?

Factors include individual characteristics, socialization, peer influence, economic conditions, and cultural norms.

Which of the following factors is not discussed as affecting inequalities in class?

Education, Ethnicity and Race, Social background, Physical and Mental Disability.

What term describes spontaneous behavior of people responding to similar stimuli?

Collective Behaviour.

What is the most structured form of collective behavior?

Social movement.