The Effect of AI Tools on the Critical Thinking Skills of Students in Higher Education

Introduction: Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are being incorporated into the educational system at an unprecedented rate. AI technologies such as machine learning and natural language processing built into educational tools have made it easier than ever to create intelligent tutoring systems and adaptive learning platforms, offering instant personalized tutoring to students of every level. Despite the potential benefits, the integration of AI may be a cause for concern for the development of critical thinking skills for these students. Overreliance on AI tools can have an inverse effect and diminish students’ critical thinking skills if they blindly accept the AI’s outputs. This paper will investigate how to responsibly incorporate AI into education tools and how they can enhance critical thinking skills of students in higher education.

What is Artificial Intelligence in Education?

There are many distinct applications of AI in education. Intelligent tutoring systems, Adaptive learning tools are two of the most common archetypes for AI-powered tools in education and describe the AI tools used in the case studies.

Intelligent tutoring systems

Intelligent tutoring systems act as a tutor, providing instant feedback for any question.

Adaptive learning tools

Adaptive learning tools can create personalized curriculums for individual students based on their strengths and weaknesses.

What is critical thinking?

Critical thinking is expressed in terms of both creative thinking and problem solving skills and can be quantitatively measured using assessments.

How can we assess critical thinking?

There are standardized assessments specifically for this purpose, such as the critical thinking disposition inventory (CTDI).

What is the current state of AI in education?

The adoption of AI in education has been an ongoing process. In its current state, it has already redefined the landscape of teaching and learning, offering unprecedented opportunities to personalize learning to each individual student.

Machine learning, natural language processing, and data analytics, which have enabled personalized and adaptive learning in an easily understandable way

Is AI Harmful or Beneficial?

The distinction between AI as a tool for inquiry and as a source of truth is important to whether it is beneficial or harmful to learning. Hassen differentiates these two as cognitive augmentation and cognitive atrophy.

What is cognitive augmentation?

Cognitive augmentation refers to tools that enhance and extend human cognitive abilities. AI as a Socratic partner can provide multiple perspectives, including supporting arguments and counterarguments, to a discussion to accelerate inquiry. This is an example of cognitive augmentation improving the critical thinking skills of the user.

What is cognitive atrophy?

Cognitive atrophy refers to tools that lead to the weakening or loss of skills through disuse. Uncritical acceptance of AI output promotes intellectual passivity, biases, and hallucinations, leading to cognitive atrophy.

How can AI be applied in education?

AI can be applied in education in a variety of ways, from simply prompting a generative AI chatbot to altering instructional tools and platforms to be powered by AI. Examples of these applications include ChatGPT 3.5, SummarizBot, Quillionz and Bodoudou. Generative AI alone is a powerful enough tool to act as a “virtual education assistant”, providing instant answers to students’ questions and personalized learning guidance to deepen the understanding and mastery of what they have learned. When incorporating generative AI into an educational tool, it discourages students from blindly turning to the AI for answers and allows automatic personalized learning based on the students’ strengths and weaknesses.

What is the effect of AI on critical thinking skills?

Across multiple case studies, it has been found that the use of AI tools in higher education courses yielded consistently positive results. These results came in the form of varying student outcomes, such as grades, engagement, and critical thinking.

What are the results from the case study of the Human Resources Management Course by Zhang et al.?

They found that the students' grades, which were previously scattered, shifted toward higher score bands. This suggests that the introduction of generative AI as a study tool may have helped the students improve their grades.

What are the results from the case study of Rajagopal et al.?

They found that the creative thinking skill of students increased by 44% to 57% based on their metrics. Their findings demonstrate how AI tools can develop problem solving and creative thinking skills. They theorize that AI-enabled learning environments can stimulate critical thinking by presenting students with challenging problems that require creative solutions.

What are the results from the case study of an English foreign language class in China by Liu and Wang?

Their study found that the experimental group of students that were allowed to use AI tools to study had an increase in points on the Chinese version of the CTDI (CTDI-CV) by 14.571 on average, while the control group that used traditional studying methods saw no statistically significant increase. This study shows that AI tools are not only beneficial in improving critical thinking skills, they can outperform traditional studying methods.

Sources

1. N. Singer, “As Schools Embrace A.I. Tools, Skeptics Raise Concerns,” The New York Times, Jan. 02, 2026.

2. W. Liu and Y. Wang, “The Effects of Using AI Tools on Critical Thinking in English Literature Classes Among EFL Learners: An Intervention Study,” European Journal of Education, vol. 59, no. 4, Oct. 2024

3. Sri Tulasi T and I. Ahamed, “Artificial Intelligence Effects on Student Learning Outcomes in Higher Education,” Apr. 2024

4. D. Zhang, X. Zhao and G. Zhou, "Application of Generative AI in the Teaching of Human Resource Management Course for Medical and Health Management Majors," 2024 14th International Conference on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME), Guiyang, China, 2024

5. M. Z. Hassen, “The Impact of AI on Students’ Reading, Critical Thinking, and Problem-Solving Skills,” American Journal of Education and Information Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 82–90, Sep. 2025

6. S. Rajagopal, D. Deevi, Ranjna, D. Sur and P. K. K, "Enhancing Learning Experiences Using Artificial Intelligence Technology in Education," 2025 2nd International Conference on New Frontiers in Communication, Automation, Management and Security (ICCAMS), Bangalore, India, 2025