biology- chapter 2- Human Reproduction

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88 Terms

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Testes

The primary male reproductive organs that produce sperms and secrete hormones.

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Scrotum

A pouch of skin containing the testes, which helps maintain their temperature.

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Seminiferous Tubules

Highly coiled structures in the testes where sperms are produced.

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Sertoli Cells

Cells within the seminiferous tubules that provide nutrition to developing sperms.

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Leydig Cells

Cells located in the interstitial spaces of the testes that secrete testosterone.

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Epididymis

A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis where sperm mature and are stored.

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Vas Deferens

The duct that conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra.

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Seminal Vesicles

Accessory glands that secrete a fluid rich in fructose, which provides energy for the sperm.

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Prostate Gland

A gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in males that releases prostatic fluid.

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Bulbourethral Glands

Also known as Cowper's glands; they secrete a fluid that lubricates and neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra.

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Penis

The external male genital organ that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract.

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Glans Penis

The sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the penis, covered by the foreskin.

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Ovaries

The primary female reproductive organs that produce ova and secrete hormones.

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Fallopian Tubes

Also known as oviducts; tubes through which ova travel from the ovaries to the uterus.

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Uterus

The organ in which a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus.

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Cervix

The lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina.

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Vagina

The muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus.

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Mons Pubis

A rounded mass of fatty tissue over the pubic bone.

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Labia Majora

The outer folds of skin surrounding the external female genitalia.

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Labia Minora

The inner folds of skin surrounding the vaginal opening.

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Clitoris

A small, sensitive organ located at the anterior part of the vulva.

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Hymen

A membrane that partially covers the external vaginal opening.

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Mammary Glands

Glands located in the breasts that produce milk.

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Spermatogenesis

The process by which sperms are produced in the testes.

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Oogenesis

The process by which ova are produced in the ovaries.

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Spermatogonia

The diploid germ cells in males that undergo mitosis and meiosis to form sperms.

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Primary Spermatocyte

The diploid cells that undergo the first meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes.

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Secondary Spermatocyte

The haploid cells that undergo the second meiotic division to form spermatids.

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Spermatids

The haploid cells that are transformed into spermatozoa.

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Spermiogenesis

The process by which spermatids are transformed into mature spermatozoa.

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Oogonia

The diploid germ cells in females that undergo mitosis to form primary oocytes.

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Primary Oocyte

The diploid cells that begin the first meiotic division and are arrested in prophase I until puberty.

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Secondary Oocyte

The haploid cells that are arrested in metaphase II and are released during ovulation.

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Polar Bodies

The small cells produced during oogenesis that do not develop into ova.

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Graafian Follicle

The mature ovarian follicle that releases the ovum during ovulation.

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Menarche

The first occurrence of menstruation in a female.

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Menopause

The cessation of menstruation, marking the end of a woman's reproductive years.

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Follicular Phase

The phase of the menstrual cycle during which follicles in the ovary mature.

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Ovulation

The release of an ovum from the ovary.

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Luteal Phase

The phase of the menstrual cycle following ovulation, characterized by the presence of the corpus luteum.

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Menstrual Phase

The phase of the menstrual cycle during which the endometrial lining is shed.

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Estrogen

A hormone produced by the ovaries that regulates the menstrual cycle and supports pregnancy.

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Progesterone

A hormone produced by the corpus luteum that maintains the endometrium for pregnancy.

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LH Surge

A rapid increase in luteinizing hormone that triggers ovulation.

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Corpus Luteum

The structure that forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone.

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Endometrium

The inner lining of the uterus that thickens and sheds during the menstrual cycle.

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Pituitary Gland

The gland that secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

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Fertilisation

The fusion of a sperm and an ovum to form a zygote.

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Zygote

The diploid cell resulting from the fusion of a sperm and an ovum.

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Cleavage

The series of mitotic divisions that a zygote undergoes after fertilisation.

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Blastocyst

The stage of development that implants in the uterine wall.

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Implantation

The process by which a blastocyst embeds itself in the endometrium.

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Trophoblast

The outer layer of cells in the blastocyst that forms the placenta.

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Inner Cell Mass

The group of cells in the blastocyst that develops into the embryo.

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Placenta

The organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus and removes waste products.

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Umbilical Cord

The structure that connects the fetus to the placenta.

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Chorionic Villi

The finger-like projections of the trophoblast that extend into the endometrium.

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HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

A hormone produced by the placenta that maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy.

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Zona Pellucida

The thick outer covering of the ovum that is penetrated by a sperm during fertilisation.

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Gestation Period

The duration of pregnancy, typically about 9 months in humans.

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Trimesters

The three periods into which pregnancy is divided, each lasting about three months.

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Embryo

The early stage of development from fertilisation to the end of the eighth week.

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Fetus

The stage of development from the end of the eighth week until birth.

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Amniotic Sac

The fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the developing fetus.

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Amniotic Fluid

The fluid within the amniotic sac that cushions and protects the fetus.

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Chorion

The outer membrane that forms the fetal part of the placenta.

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Yolk Sac

The structure that provides nutrients to the embryo during early development.

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Allantois

The fetal membrane that forms part of the umbilical cord.

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Ectoderm

The outer germ layer that develops into the skin and nervous system.

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Mesoderm

The middle germ layer that develops into muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.

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Endoderm

The inner germ layer that develops into the digestive and respiratory systems.

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Parturition

The process of giving birth.

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Oxytocin

A hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

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Labour

The series of events that lead to the expulsion of the fetus from the uterus.

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Dilation

The widening of the cervix during the first stage of labor.

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Placenta

The organ expelled after the birth of the baby, often called the afterbirth.

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Lactation

The production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands.

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Colostrum

The first form of milk produced after childbirth, rich in antibodies.

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Breastfeeding

The act of feeding a baby with milk directly from the mother's breast.

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Mammary Glands

Glands located in the breasts that produce milk.

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Prolactin

A hormone that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands.

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Let-Down Reflex

The reflex that causes milk to be ejected from the alveoli into the ducts of the breast.

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Weaning

The process of gradually introducing the infant to solid food while reducing breastfeeding.

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ovulation

LH higher than FSH

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menopause

fall of progesterone

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implantation

7 days after fertilisation

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sperm part that goes into ovum

head, neck, middle peice

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fishes

non-cleodoic eggs