All Nigeria

Official Development Assistance

This is a type of aid given by governments and paid for by taxes. Sometimes unpopular with taxpayers. Includes multilateral and bilateral aid

Multilateral Aid

Richer governments give money to international organisations which redistribute to poorer countries

Bilateral Aid

Aid from one country to another, with conditions. For example the recipient may be required to buy goods from the donor country with aid money

Voluntary Aid

This is given by individuals or companies and distributed through organisations such as NGOs like Oxfam. Can be short or long term

Short Term Voluntary Aid

Usually emergency help in response to a natural disaster

Long Term Voluntary Aid

Sustainabe aid to improve resilience (eg wells to reduce drought effects)

Advantage of ODA aid?

Money targeted to poorer countries

Disadvantage of ODA aid?

Paid by taxes - not always popular with taxpayers

Advantage of voluntary aid?

Targeted to reach most in need

Disadvantage of voluntary aid?

Money supply may be inconsistent

Why does Nigeria require aid?

Inequalities within Nigeria, mean that many are living in poverty

What are the Millenium Development goals?

A set of 8 goals that the UN set in 2000 aiming to be achieved by 2015

What did Nigeria gain from the Millenium Development Goals?

$2.5 billion of ODA - around $12 per person

From 2009 to 2013, what were introduced?

60 million mosquito nets (multilateral aid) funded by the World Bank

Why did Nigeria experience a debt crisis?

After Nigeria gained its independence, it began to invest in infrastructure. An economic slump meant that Nigeria had to borrow money and the country ends up in debt. Nigeria becomes the most indebted African country

What was done to manage the debt crisis?

In 2005, Nigerias debt was cancelled by the leaders of HICs. This stimulated economic growth enabling Nigeria to become one of Africas largest economies

Why might aid given to a country not be used effectively?

Corrupt leaders, political influence dictating what money is spent on

Commonwealth

A voluntary association of 53 independent and equal sovereign states, which were mostly territories of the former British Empire

De - Industrialisation

The decline of a countrys traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and competition from NEEs

Development

The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare

Development Gap

The difference in standards of living and wellbeing between the worlds richest and poorest countries

Globalisation

The process which has created a more connected world, with increases in the movement of goods and people worldwide

Post Industrial Economy

The economy of many economically developed countries where most employment is now in service industries

Service Industries

The economic activities that provide various services - commercial, professional, social, entertainment and personal

Trans National Corporations

A company that has operations in more than one country. TNCs are large and have well known brands

Where is Nigeria?

West Africa, just north of the equator. Borders four countries Niger, Benin, Chad and Cameroon. Extends from the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south of the Sahel in the north.

Global Importance - In 2014, how large was Nigerias economy?

21st largest in the world

Global Importance - How big is the population in comparison to the rest of the world?

7th largest in the world

Global Importance - How much of the worlds oil does it provide?

2.7%

Global Importance - Where is it ranked in the contributors to UN peacekeeping missions?

5th

Regional Importance - In what century did Nigeria go from an LIC to an NEE?

21st

Regional Importance - Nigeria is known as the ‘Giant of Africa’. Why?

One of the fastest growing economies and largest populations in Africa

Regional Importance - When did Nigeria take over South Africa as the largest economy in Africa?

2014

Regional Importance - Nigeria has the highest output of what in Africa?

Farming

Political Context - When did Nigeria gain independence from Britain and how did this affect their political landscape?

1960, Nigeria has since shifted between military rule and democracy

Political Context - Nigeria is now a federal republic with how many states?

36

Political Context - Between who is power contested?

The mainly Muslim north and Christian south

Political Context - What has added to political instability?

Corruption, conflict over oil revenues and regional tensions

Social Context - How many people live in Nigeria?

240 million

Social Context - What inequalities can be seen in Nigeria?

The south is generally richer and more urbanised whilst the north faces higher poverty and lower literacy rates

Social Context - How is access to healthcare, education and employment shared between regions?

Varies widely

Cultural Context - How many ethnic groups is Nigeria home to? Examples?

Over 500 including Hausa and Yoruba

Cultural Context - Nigeria has a vibrant culture. What does this include?

Nollywood films, afrobeat music, literature and festivals

Cultural Context - What is the official language, but what others are spoken?

English is the official but regional dialects shape the culture

Environmental Context - How does Nigerias environment vary?

Tropical Rainforests in the south and savannah/semi desert in the north

Environmental Context - What has oil extraction in the Niger Delta caused?

Severe pollution, damaged ecosystems and affected local communities

Environmental Context - What environmental challenges does the country face?

Deforestation, desertification, flooding and rapid urban expansion

Environmental - What did oil spills in the Niger Delta cause?

Damage to aquatic ecosystems

Environmental - What percentage of Nigerias forests have been destroyed?

70-80%

Environmental - Why have Nigerias forests been destroyed?

Agriculture, urban expansion and industrial development

Environmental - What do industry emit, and what effects do these have?

Emit poisonous gases which can contribute to respiratory and heart problems

Environmental - What has been added to waterways and what has this caused?

Chemicals added to soil have seeped into waterways causing pollution

Environmental - What has soil erosion (due to farming and deforestation) done to rivers?

Silted up rivers

Environmental - Deforestation has led to the loss of which species?

Giraffes and cheetahs

Environmental - What can oil spills result in?

Fires, send CO2 into atmosphere causing acid rain

Environmental - Example of an oil spill?

Bodo 2008-09 - devestated ecosystems and livelihoods of local farmers

Environmental - What does tin mining result in?

Local water supplies contaminated by toxins

Environmental - What issues have arisen due to urban growth?

Waste disposal, transport congestion, areas of countryside replaced by concrete

Bad effects on QoL - What can lead to inequalties in terms of who receives help?

Corruption

Bad effects on QoL - Why are there threats of disease?

The tseste fly

Bad effects on QoL - What two major issues need to be addressed?

Desertification and oil spills

Bad effects on QoL - What conflicts need to be addressed?

Ethnic and religious conflicts

Good effects on QoL - What has the expected years in school risen from and to?

From 6.7 years to 9yrs

Good effects on QoL - What do some people have higher levels of?

Disposable income

Good effects on QoL - What has the access to clean water risen from and to?

From 46% to 64%

Good effects on QoL - How has life expectancy increased?

From 45.6 years to 52.5 years

Good effects on QoL - What index has improved?

HDI - Human Development Index

By when is Nigeria predicted to be one of the top 20 economies in the world?

2050

Why is Nigerias economy able to grow so quickly?

Youthful population who are able to provide a skilled labour force

How has Nigerias economy changed?

From mainly and agricultural economy to having over 50% of its GDP coming from manufacturing and service industries

What happened to Nigerias economy in 2011?

It doubled

Examples of fast growing industries within Nigeria?

Telecommunications, retail and the film industry

Why is manufacturing important?

Provides regular paid work, creates a large home market for goods, attracts foreign investment, leads to greater tax revenues - overall a positive multiplier effect

What does manufacturing do for other companies?

Stimulates their growth

TNC

Transnational Corporations are companies which operate in several countrues, with a hq in one country and production plants in several others

Shell (TNC) - When did the oil boom in Nigeria take off?

1970s

Shell (TNC) - When did Shell start exporting oil from the Niger Delta?

1958

Shell (TNC) - Prior to the discovery of oil, what did Nigeria rely on for most of its exports?

Agriculture

Shell (TNC) - How much of the countrys export revenues are rooted in oil?

90%

Shell (TNC) - Is Nigerian oil of an especially high quality?

Yes

Shell (TNC) - TNCs encourage what from abroad?

Investment

Shell (TNC) - What do TNCs bring to countries allowing further economic development?

New tech

Shell (TNC) - How many Nigerian workers are employed by Shell?

65000

Shell (TNC) - What are the working conditions sometimes like for those working for TNCs?

Poor

Shell (TNC) - What can the oil industry release that is toxic for the environment?

Oil flares, toxic fumes

Shell (TNC) - Are those employed by TNCs always well paid?

No

Political Links - What internationa organisations is Nigeria a valued member of?

African Union (for economic planning and peacekeeping)
ECOWAS (Economic Union of West African States)
UN (Nigeria is important in peacekeeping)

Trading Links - Nigerias trading links with Britain have changed. What was this relationship like in 1650?

The British enslaved African people and took them to America and the Caribbean

Trading Links - Nigerias trading links with Britain have changed. What was this relationship like in 1807?

After slavery became illegal, trade shifted to mainly palm oil, which the British used to make soap

Trading Links - Nigerias trading links with Britain have changed. What was this relationship like now?

Nigeria gained independence in 1960, now Nigeria trades natural commodities and imports manufactured goods

Trading Links - What are Nigerias top exports?

Oil, machinery, chemicals and transport equipment

Trading Links - Who are Nigerias main import trading links?

China, USA, India and the Netherlands

Trading Links - Who are Nigerias mains export trading links?

USA, India, Spain and Brazil

China is a main trading partner of Nigeria, how does this benefit both countries?

China gains more resources for its growing population as it can no longer provide all that it needs for it
Nigeria gains investment in infrastructure from China

In which countries has China invested the most money in?

Nigeria, Ghana, Zambia and Tanzania

What types of investment has China made in Nigeria?

Infrastructure (transport and power) and oil drilling

China proposed to build a new railway along the coast of the Niger Delta. How could this have helped economic development?

Provides a transport route for goods, meaning the manufacturing industry can benefit